Umbono ka Kira wobulungisa

Lapho Incwajana yokufa iqala ukuvezwa, yathatha imicabango yembulunga yonke hhayi nje njengesasasa elingaphezu komuntu kodwa njengebhokisi le-profology edidayo. I-proganonist Light Yagami, isebenza ngaphansi kwegama leKira, isebenzisa incwadi ebulala noma ubani ogama lakhe libhalwe kulo, uma nje umbhali azi ubuso bomuntu. Ngaleli gunya, Ukukhanya kuthatha isisekelo sokuqeda izwe lezelele, azibone engunkulunkulu womphakathi omusha, onokuthula olawulwa ukwesaba isijeziso. Uchungechunge alumane nje lukhona umlando omuhle; lumema izibukeli ukuba ziphikise incazelo yobulungisa, isijeziso, isilinganiso sesijeziso sezeluleko. Ngokuhlola iziqondiso zezimiso zomthetho, nangokucubukhali, ngokuhlola izibalo, nangokulawula umthetho womthetho, nangokuzikhangisa umthetho.

Ukuqonda Isisusa SeKra kanye Nendlela Yokusebenzisa Iklabhu

Light Yagami uqala njengomfundi ohlakaniphile kodwa odumele okhubekayo okhubeka eSiqiwini sokufa, incwadi yezincwadi ebhalwe nge-shinimami Ryuk. Ekuqaleni, ukhanyiso luvele luhlole amandla encwadini futhi lwethuswe yizenzo zakhe u-Yagami ngokushesha uguqukela ekubeni yisiqinisekiso sobumesiya. Lokhu kunquma ukuthi ngokususa izakhi zomphakathi ezikhona zingafinyelelwa kuphela. Indlela yokusebenza ye-Kira'igema Ryuk ilula: ukuhlasela kwenhliziyo, ngokuvamile okwenzeka emhlabeni wonke, ukuhlasela kwezelelwe izigebengu, bese kugwetshwa kungasolwa, futhi ekugcineni kugwenywe nanoma ubani ohlala endleleni yakhe. Lokhu kugxeka kakhulu. . . Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi uma umuntu engumuntu oyedwa engakwazi ukuba athole indlela yokuphila futhi engenakulinganiswa, imingcele engabonakali kalula.

Umbono kaKira usekelwe ohlobo olunzima lwe-Gasticalism eshadelwa ukuqhosha. Ukholelwa ukuthi ukwehla kwamazinga obugebengu nokuqala kwezwe eliphephile kuthethelela ukuqedwa kwezinkulungwane. Ukusabela komphakathi phakathi nochungechunge kuhlukene: okunye ukukhulekela iKira njengomsindisi, kuyilapho abanye bebona umlawuli ophethe. Okubalulekile, uphawu lugwema ngamabomu ukubonisa isinqumo esilula, kuphoqelele izilaleli ukuba zibhekane nokucwaswa kwazo ngegunya nobudlova. Lokhu kwenza [[FLT:] I-Dast Comment [[FLT: 1]] isaziso esicebile sokuhlola ngokokuziphatha, ikakhulukazi uma siphethe izenzo zomthetho ezimelene nomthetho omisiwe.

Izisekelo Zobulungisa: Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Ye - Philosophial

Ukunquma ukuthi isiphi isenzo silungile," izazi zefilosofi nezezomthetho sekuyisikhathi eside ziphikisana ngokuthi yini ehlanganisa ukuphathwa ngokulunga, ukusabela ngokulingana, nokuzuzisa umphakathi. Imibono emithathu eyinhloko ibusa inkulumo: ukwahlulela ngokuphindwa, ukuphatha, nokulungisa. Ifomethi ngalinye lenjongo nendlela yokujezisa ingefani, futhi ngalinye lingasetshenziselwa ukuhlukanisa indlela kaKira yokuhlukanisa.

Ubulungisa Obusakazayo

[[FLT:] Iso lokusakaza iso lokulunga [[FLT:] lisekelwe esimisweni sokuthi abenzi bobubi bafanelwe ukuhlupheka ngokulingana nobukhulu bobugebengu babo. Izimpande zabo zilandela iso le-x talionis(""" futhi zigcizelela ugwadule olungokokuziphatha kumphakathi wezenhlalo. Kumongo wanamuhla, ukulwa komthetho kugcizelela ukuthi isijeziso kumelwe sibekwe kuphela konecala, kumelwe sifaneleke ngobukhulu becala, futhi kumelwe sisetshenziswe ngemikhondo engokomthetho. Ngokokushaya kwe-Immanuel Kant, ngeke kusebenzise isijeziso njengethuluzi lokunqanda kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ubugebengu buyenze. Ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwecala, [i-Flectinst project:] [2]

I - Utilitharianism

Ngokungafani okusobala, ukwahlulela izenzo zobulungisa ngemiphumela yabo. Ihlangene noJeremy Benham noJohn Stuart Mill, lenkolelo ikholelwa ukuthi isenzo esilungile ngokokuziphatha singesandisa injabulo noma ukuhlazeka nokuhlupheka. Emqondweni wobulungisa, umbangi wezomthetho angasekela izijeziso ezivimbela ngokuphumelelayo ubugebengu, ukubuyisa iphulamthetho, noma ukuveza abantu abayingozi, uma nje injabulo yenetha iyanda. Ukugxila ekwandiseni imiphumela yesikhathi esizayo, hhayi ezenzweni ezidlule. [FLT][1] IEncyclopedia ye-Plosophysis yendaba yomlando ye-unityism [FT]:]

Ubulungisa Obubuyiselayo

Ubulungisa obungaguquguquki buthatha indlela ehlukile ngokuphelele. Kunokuba nje ujezise umenzi wobubi noma ukubala inhlalakahle, kuhloselwe ukulungisa ukulimala okubangelwa ubugebengu. Lendlela ihlanganisa ukuletha izisulu, izaphula-mthetho, namalungu omphakathi ukuvuma umonakalo, ukukhuthaza ukulandisa, nokuthola indlela yokulungisa ubuhlobo. Imikhuba yokubuyisela ihlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwezenzo zobungane, ukubuyisela izivumelwano, nenkonzo yomphakathi. Umgomo ukubuyiselwa nokubuyiselwa kwezibopho zomphakathi, hhayi ukulahlwa noma ukuqothulwa. Njengoba kuboniswe ochwepheshe, lenqubo [[FLT:] ibuyekeza isijeziso sempindiselo.[FLT][FFOLD]]] [FFOLT]]]

Ukunikeza IKira IMaphu Kubulungisa Obusakazayo

Ngaphandle, umsebenzi kaKira ubonakala uphindisa izinhloso eziziphikisayo. Uhlasela izigebengu ngenxa yokufanelwe ukufa ngenxa yeziphambeko zazo. Uvame ukubiza ulimi lwasogwadule, ethi abenzi bobubi kumelwe ba "bekiwe". Nokho, lokhu kulunga kuhlukanisa lapho kuhlolisiswa. Ukukhipha ubulungisa kugcizelela ukulingana kwenani: isijeziso kumelwe sifanelane nobugebengu ngobukhulu, futhi kumelwe sinikelwe kuphela ngemva kwenqubo eqinile, engenacala liqinisekisa umuzwa wecala ngokungenakungatshazwa. Indlela kaKira yokubulala, iphula ukuhlasela kwenhliziyo okubulalayo kwecala noma ukuthi ubugebengu buwukweba nje noma ukubulala okungalinganiyo. I-geock nomlawuli ophethe isigwebo esinemba isigwebo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubulungisa obuhambisana nokukhishwa kuhlangene nokubusa komthetho. Isijeziso singokomthetho kuphela lapho sivela esimisweni esihloniphekile, sivumela ukuzivikela, futhi sigcina umjezisi enecala. UKira wenza ngasese, umahluleli oyedwa nombulali. Lokhu kwembula iphutha eliyinhloko: lapho isijeziso sisuswa ezivikelini ezingokomthetho, sigcina singenacala, kodwa njengoba andisa imingcele yakhe, ujezisa abantu ngokubekwa icala lobugebengu, abantu ababheka njengabavilaphayo noma abangenalutho, futhi ngisho nabaphathi bomthetho abamlandelayo. Lokhu kwembula iphutha eliyinhloko: lapho isijeziso sisuswa ezivikelini ezingokomthetho, sigcina singenabulungisa futhi sisaba uvalo. Ngakho, nakuba uKira eboleka ukuphindiselwa kwesijeziso sezelele, ukwamukela lokho kusetshenziswa yizelele yezelele."

Ukususa Isidleke Esidlule ELenses Engalé Kwezikhungo Zomphakathi

Isivikelo sobuKira singaqhubekela phambili ngokwezimo ezijwayelekile: ngokubulala izigebengu ezinobudlova, iKira inciphisa kakhulu amazinga obugebengu emhlabeni wonke. Kuloluchungechunge, izibalo zembulunga yonke ziyehla. Izimpi ziyama, futhi abantu abaningi bazizwa bephephile. Uma umgomo wokugcina uyinjabulo enkulu kakhulu kubantu abaningi, futhi izenzo zikaKira ziveza inetha ekwandeni kokulondeka nokuthula, khona - ke zingaba nokulunga?

Okokuqala, i-calculus efanelekile ye-altalian kufanele ibangele imiphumela yakho yonke, hhayi nje ukuncipha kobugebengu obunobudlova. Umbuso we-Kira ubangela isimo sokungaboni lutho esigcwele. Izakhamuzi ezixosha umthetho zesaba ukuveza ukungavumelani noma ngisho nokugxeka okuncane, zesaba ukuthi ngandlela thile zingamcasula lomahluleli ongabonakali. Ukulimala okungokomzwelo komzwelo wokuphila ngokugadile ngokuphelele, ukwazi ukuthi umuntu onamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo angakubulala noma nganoma isiphi isikhathi ngenxa yombono wento engabangela ukuhlupheka okukhulu. Udweba udwendwe lwezi lubonisa izwe lapho abantu beba yi - paranod, ukuxabana, nenjabulo ezenzekelayo. I-Benham idinga ukubukisa izinkathazo ngokumelene nezisulu ezikhona. Injabulo ivela ngokucacile, ikakhulukazi ekucabangeni kwenjabulo ezindaweni ezikhona ekugcineni.

Okwesibili, i-utilitharianism iqaphela ukuthi akukho muntu ongakwazi ukubala imiphumela efinyelela kude yesenzo. UKira ucabanga ukuthi angamhlukanisa ngokuphelele umuntu ofanelwe ukufa, kodwa ukwaziswa kwakhe kuyacwengwa ngemibiko yezindaba nayimishini yamaphoyisa, ngokuvamile engapheli noma ejijijela. I-Death Seat ayke ayinikunikezi i-omnicine; imane nje ilahle impoqo yakhe. Ingozi yephutha − ukubulala umuntu onecala elingalungile, inhlekelele nokungalungiseki. Ngisho noma ekwazi ukugwema ukuphamba kwakhe ekuqaleni, ukubulala kwakhe kamuva kwezakhamuzi zezombangazwe nokungakhi imbule ihlulelo ebhuntshayo ewuveza ngokungenakuzeki: isenzo sokuba yisigebezodwa elonakele phansi kwengozi engokomthetho owenziwe cishe ibhujile phansi kwesilinganiso esingu-ace credium. Uma u-Kilitlitletleaf ehluphayo, kodwa uma engowe owena owenakelezayo, ingoma ingono eveza umbono wonyayo, imbukwayo eveza

Ubulungisa Obubuyiselayo: Indlela Engathathwanga

Nakuba izinkolelo-lwazi ezifanelekile zihlanganisa cishe nokuqonda kukaKira, ukubuyisela ubulungisa kumelene ngokuphelele nombono wakhe wezwe. Izinqubo zokubheka ubugebengu ngokulandelana akubheka nje njengokwephulwa komthetho kodwa njengokuphulwa kobuhlobo nokwethemba umphakathi. Impendulo efanele, khona - ke, iwukubona ukulimala, ukwenza owenzela ububi bungabuzwa ngendlela evuma ubuhlungu besisulu, futhi ukusebenza ngokubambisana ekulungiseni. UKira akanikezi zindlela ezinjalo. Akalokothi abone ukuhlupheka kwemikhaya yezisulu, akalokothi axoxe ngezenzo zokushintsha izihlubuki, futhi akacabangi nakahlenga ngethuba lokuhlengwa. Ubulungisa bakhe bunesizathu sokungakhokhisi.

Cabangela isimo lapho osemusha, ephangwa ngokuphelelwa yithemba, ephanga. Inqubo yokubuyisela ingahlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwecala, ukuqonda uvalo nokulahlekelwa okubangelwa yizinto ezibonakalayo, ukuvuma ukubuyisela, nokuthola ubukhekha bokwakha ukuphila okungokomthetho. Umphumela onjalo ungavimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo kuyilapho ebuyisela umuntu emphakathini. UKira esikhundleni sokubhala izimbangela zokuziphatha komenzi wobubi, ukucisha unogada noma iliphi ithuba lokushintsha. Lokhu kumelana nokuqina kokuziphatha kokuphila komuntu futhi akukunaki ukuthi abantu abaningi abenza ubugebengu bona ngokwabo bebeyizisulu zokungabi nabulungisa emphakathini. Ngokungazinaki izimbangela zokuziphatha kobugebengu − Phofu, ukuluthwa, ukugula kwengqondo, ukuswela ithuba lokugula kwe--(Kira) okubulalayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kukhanyaza izilonda komphakathi; umgomo nje awuwona nje owenziwa emphakathini; ukuthula komphakathi.

Ukwanda Okukhulu Kobuqaphile

Isaziso sokufa [[FLT: 1] sisemqoka, ukuzindla ngengozi ekhohlisayo yokuqapha. Ukuqapha kuvela lapho abantu benomuzwa wokuthi izimiso zeziphathimandla ziyehluleka, befaka umthetho ezandleni zabo. Nakuba ukuqapha kwangempela kungavamile kuhlanganisa izincwadi zezincwadi ezinamandla angaphezu kwamandla emvelo, amandla akho ayafana: ukuqonda ukungalungi, iqhawe elizimisileyo, nesijeziso esingaphezulu. Inkinga engokomthetho ixhomeke ekulahleni isivumelwano sezenhlalo. Izazi ezinjengoThomas Hobes zaphikisa ngokuthi abantu ngabanye banikela inkululeko ethile engokomthetho ukuze bakhululeke ekuvikeleni nasekuhleleni umthetho. Ngokulandelani umthetho. Kra ngokulandela umthetho, imvume yokuzibeka, amandla akhona.

Umlando unikeza izifundo ezisangulukisayo. Izigebengu zeqembu, amaqembu okubulala, namaphoyisa omshoshaphansi konke kuye kwathi kuyathatha isinyathelo egameni lobulungisa obuphakeme, kodwa kuveza izenzo zonya njalo. Ukungabikho kwenqubo efanelekile, ukubonakala, nokulandisa kuvumela ukucwasana komuntu siqu, i-vendettas, namaphutha amakhulu ukuba angagwenywa. Indlela yeKira ekubulaleni izigebengu eziyingozi zokubulala abantu abagqekezayo abaphula imithetho emincane noma abamelene nayo iveza itshebelo eliqinisekile lezelizwe. Njengoba isazi somthetho uStephen Bring siye sagcizelela njalo, umthetho ukhona ngenxa yokuthi abantu bawa futhi izimiso zokuhlola nezilinganiso zibalulekile ekuvikeleni abantu abangenacala, isijeziso esiqinile, kodwa wonke umphakathi ophucuphe kakhulu uye waphetha ngokuthi izingozi umuntu oyedwa ukuba asebenzise noma yiziphi izinzuzo ezingokomthetho ezinikezwayo. Izindlela zokuzibopha iziphaka zikagesi eziqinile, nakuba zisiza inqubo yomthetho ezilandelanisa izinhlelo zomuntu siqu.

Izenzo Zokwenziwa Zingalunga? Ukuchazwa

Uma ithathwa ndawonye, ayikho inkolelo-lwazi enkulu enikeza ukuvikela okuvumelanayo komkhankaso kaKira. Ukusakaza ubulungisa kuhluleka ngenxa yokuthi iKira ayinaki ukulingana nenqubo efanele. I-Ulitarianism, lapho iqala ukulinga, iwohloka lapho izinhlobonhlobo zemiphumela nokungaguquguquki kwephutha kucatshangelwa. Ubulungisa obungaqondakali, ngokugcizelela kwayo ukuphilisa, iveza iprojekthi kaKira njengempimpi nomphakathi ochumayo. Izwe lamaKira, kude kakhulu, libe isimo sokuqapha okuhambisana nokwesaba. Uchungechunge luyenza izilaleli zizizwe zizwa ukuheha ukukhomba kokuhlakanipha kwakhe lapho zembula ukukhohlakaza kwazo.

Kodwa ingxoxo ayibalulekile nje ngokwemfundo. Uma izimpawu zemfundo zisiza abantu ukuba bathathe isigwebo esisheshayo noma lapho izixuku zezezokuxhumana zizama ukuvala umthetho, ukushaya igalelo, nokuqapha kwemitapo yezibalo kwenza izihloko ze- Ukufa kubonakale njengesixwayiso: isifiso sokulondeka okuphelele ngokuvamile sibangela ukudalwa kwezilo. Kusikhumbuza ukuthi ubulungisa abusona isithakazelo sokwaneliswa ukubona isijeziso esibi; buqinile, bunye, futhi buyehluleka ukuvikela amalungelo entebeni, ngenxa yokuncikelelwa yikho konke okunciphiswe kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho okushiwo yikho okungakho okungakho okunga.

Izifundo Ezitholakala Ezweni Eliqanjiwe

Isaziso sokufa [ asinikezi izimpendulo ezilula. Kunalokho, kuveza ukucindezeleka kwaphakade phakathi kokuhleleka nenkululeko, impindiselo nesihe. Ngo-Kira, sibona indlela ingqondo ehlakaniphile, ehlotshiswe amandla angenakulinganiswa, engakuthethelela ngayo ukushesha. Lezihloko ziba yisibuko: izibukeli eziphokophele iKira ziphoqelelwa ukubuza ukuthi zimephi, futhi kungani zizama ukuzenzela izinto ezingcono kakhulu, futhi ngalesisikhathi sisuke sinomphumela obaluleke kakhulu wokuhlanganisa ifilosofi. Ubulungisa buhlala buyimgomo omuhle, kodwa imingcele ebekwe yizimiso ezimiswe yizimiso ezingcono, kodwa ezikhishwayo, kodwa ezikhishwayo, kodwa ezinikezwa ukuthula, futhi ezinikezwa ukuqashelwa ngokuqonda okungathandeki, kodwa ezinikezwayo ngempela, ukuqashelwa ngokuqonda okungathandeki, futhi okungathandeki, okungalungi kwezimiso zezwe, kodwa okuthi, okuthi, okuthi, okuthi: uma sizimisele ngempela, noma inte, yenye, yenye, yezimiso ezingcono, yeze, yenye, ye