Izikolo zamaJapan zisebenza njengemicrocosm yebutho labantu ababanzi, ityhila imilinganiselo eqinileyo enxulumene nengqeqesho, intsebenziswano yeqela, kunye nokusukela ngokungakhathali kwimpumelelo yemfundo. Indlela abafundi abafundiswa ngayo `kusuku lokuqala lwesikolo sabaqalayo ukuya kuvavanyo oluphezulu loxinzelelwa phantsi. Ziyawathemba amathemba abekwe kubantu abadala emsebenzini nasemigangeni ephakathi. Ngoxa inkqubo yemfundo isoloko inconywa ngokuvelisa ukufundiswa, ukuthoba, kunye nabemi abathobekileyo, ikwanyusa iingxaki ezinzulu zentlalo, ezifana nokunyuka kwemibango yempilo yolutsha, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho ngamathuba, kwaye ukungafuni ukuqhekeka kwesithethe. Ukuqonda olu nxibelelwano kunceda ukucacisa intlalo yombini eJapan imfuneko yokuphucula ukuphumelela kakuhle kwemfundo.

Abathathi-nxaxheba

  • Izikolo zaseJapan zibonisa indlela elikhuthazwe ngayo ilizwe ngoqeqesho, ubudlelane beqela nokuzibamba ngokweemvakalelo.
  • Ukhuphiswano olunzulu lwemfundo, olusekelwe kwiimviwo eziphezulu zokungena, lubangela uxinezeleko lwentlalo neengxaki zempilo yengqondo kubafundi.
  • Izakhiwo zesikolo nemigaqo - siseko ziphenjelelwa ngokunzulu lulawulo lwesizwe nolwasekuhlaleni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ukungaguquguquki nokungaguquguquki.
  • Ngokuthe ngcembe utshintsho luthetha ngokungalingani, ukudinwa ngumfundisi - ntsapho nokudinwa ngabafundi, kodwa izithethe ezizinzileyo zitshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe.

Ukwakhiwa Kwemfundo: Ukwakhiwa Nolawulo

Inkqubo yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo saseJapan ilandela ileli ecacileyo yama-6933 764: iminyaka emithandathu yemfundo ephezulu, iminyaka emithathu yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, iminyaka emithathu yesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kwaye iminyaka emine yeyunivesithi. Imfundo inyanzelekile kwiminyaka yokuqala esithoba, kwaye ngoxa isikolo samabanga aphakamileyo singanyanzelekanga, umlinganiselo wokubhalisa ungaphezu kwama-98 ekhulwini, ubonakalisa ukuqiniseka kwemfundo yemfundo ephezulu. Lo rhulumente wesizwe, ngokuyintloko ngoMnyango wemfundo, iSciols, iScies, iScience kunye nobugcisa (MEXT), umisela izicwangciso ezingundoqo, uvumela iincwadi zokufundisa, kwaye uchaza imilinganiselo yemfundo. Iibhodi zemfundo zasekuhlaleni ngoko zizalisekisa ezi zikokeli, abaqeshishishi besikolo, abagcini besikolo, abaqeqeshi, nabasebenzi bemali. Le nkqubo yemfundo yemfundo ezahlukahlukeneyo iqinisekisa iyunifomu yomgangatho somgangatho somgangatho esiqeshinezwe, okanye isikolo ngasinye semfundo sokufunda sogcino-ofisi soluntu.

Umthetho wemfundo ongokwemfundo umilise intanda-bulumko yenkqubo, igxininisa kungekuphela nje ubuchule kodwa kwanenkqubela-phambili yokuziphatha, umoya kawonke-wonke, kunye nokukhuliswa ‘ koluntu olutyebileyo.' Ngenxa yoko, izikolo zithetha kakhulu ngolwakhiwo loluntu oluphezulu njengoko zilulo lwemfundo.) Indlela eqhelekileyo yemihla ngemihla yakusasa efihlakeleyo ukuya kucoca imisebenzi yasegumbini, kwaye igxininisa ingqiqo yembopheleleko edibeneyo ehlala nabafundi bobomi. Noko ke, abagxeki baphikisa ukuba le mfaniso iphezulu i-* iyakwazi ukutshintsha ubuchule nokuhlaziya, nto leyo engaphaya kwemfundo kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ibangela ukuba bacinge ngokuphazamisa.

IiNorms Zesithethe: Imvisiswano, Uvelwano, Nokuqokelelwa

Undwendwe lwayo nayiphi na iklasi yaseJapan ukhawuleza aphawule indlela amaqela asebenza ngayo afihla indlela yomntu ngamnye. Abafundi basebenza ngamaqela, batshintshana ngokuncedisana kwixabiso lesikolo sasemini, kwaye bacoce kunye. Isiko labo lesikolo elaziwa ngokuba [ sobudomiji. Akukho kucoca; ukulondoloza imeko-bume ngumsebenzi ofanelekileyo. Oku kujoliswe ekumgangatho ophantsi kusekelwe kwixabiso elinzulu , (uhlobo), oludimanisa iingxabano ezivulayo kunye nokungakhuthathi zifunekiswe zizinto zobuqu. Ukusukela ebuntwaneni, abantwana bafundiswa [[FLDLD] [FLD5], [FLT], [iFLT], kwaye baqwalasela iimvakalelo zobuntu obuqhelekileyo, okanye phambi kokuba bacinge, okanye benjenjalo.

Kubantwana abancinane, ukulungelelana okuphakathi kokuzimela ngokwabo nokuzifunela into ethile kuyakhuthazwa. Abantwana bafunda ukunxiba, ukupakisha iingxowa zabo, baze balandele izigqibo ezidibeneyo zeqela, besithi ‘ uyabulela phambi kokuba utye, kwaye bayazihlonela iindawo ezidibeneyo. Ngoxa oku kukhulisa ingqeqesho ephawulekayo kunye novelwano, kukwabeka uxinzelelo olunzima kwintlalo yabantu ngabanye ukuze bafane. Iqhalo elithi “inki ephumayo iyabetheka-mxeko” ithatha uxinelo phakathi komntu ngamnye nolungelelwano. Kubantu abaninzi, ingakumbi abo baneengxaki, abanezilangazelelo ezingengonyakanyaka, okanye iimvelaphi ezingentlalo, likhuthaza ukufana nabantu abathile ukuba badibane.

Izikolo zamaJapan nazo zabangela ukuba kubekho umahluko wendlela ezivakalelwa ngayo. Isigqibo sempikiswano asifane sidibane ngqo; kunoko, abafundisi- ntsapho begumbi lokufundela basebenza njengabalamli abathe ngqo, bakhuthaza abafundi ukuba baqonde iqondo leemvakalelo zeklasi baze balungelelanise ngokufanelekileyo. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho imekobume ezolileyo nelungeleleneyo enqwenelekayo yokufunda kodwa kwakhona kufundisa abantwana ukuphelisa iimvakalelo ezizizodwa, umkhwa obangela ukuba abantu abadala baxakeke ngokwempilo yengqondo kwiindawo zemisebenzi elawulwa yimilinganiselo efanayo.

Uxinzelelo LweAcademic Cook: Exams, Juku, Nokufuna Ulawulo Loburhulumente

Impumelelo engokobunikazi eJapan ifana nokusebenza ngokufihlakeleyo kwizifundo zokungena. Olu hambo luqala ngokufihlakeleyo kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi kodwa luba lungakhathali ngexesha lesikolo semfundo ephezulu nesemfundo ephakamileyo njengoko abafundi belungiselela i-enjini ephezulu yokwephula i-] uvavanyo lokungena eyunivesithi ephambili. Eli xesha liyaziwa ngokuba “yi-histafefir sihogo” ( juken jigaku[]). Izibo ziphezulu ngokugqithisileyo: ukungeniswa kwiyunivesithi ephambili imisela umsebenzi ophambili amathemba omtshato, kunye nokuma koluntu ngobomi. Njengomphumela, abafundi bafumana uxinzelelo olukhulu ekugubuni bokuditya nokuvavanisa ii-enza ze-machiza ze-magee.

Ukufumana umphetho, iintsapho ezininzi ziguqukela kwimfundo eyongezelelekileyo. Joku [iisikolo se-cram] kunye noqeqesho lwangasese luye lwafana noshishino lwemfundo. Ngokutsho kweMEXT, iindleko zemali zendlu kwimfundo eyongezelelekileyo bezinyuka, ingakumbi kumaziko asedolophini apho ukhuphiswano luzizizo ezoyikekayo. Ngelixa ijuku ikwazi ukuzandisa imisantsa nolwahluko lwemali. Abafundi abasuka kwiintsapho ezityebileyo banokukwazi ukuthenga ulungiselelo olungcono, ngexa abafundi abaphantsi kwe-2449 befumana ingeniso isoloko iwile, besenza intengo ye-iefa yokhutho-" ilingana nexabiso elininzi.

Imfundo yesizwe, okanye Isifundo sesifundo , icebisa oko umfundi ngamnye amele akufunde, ishiya igumbi elincinane kubafundisi-lwazi ukuba baphambuke. Iincwadi zokufundela ezivunyiweyo aziguquguquki, kodwa ukugxininisa ekubetheleleni ngokweenkcukacha kunye nokuvavanya okuqhelekileyo okuqhelekileyo nokuzicingisisa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iMEXT ikhuthaze ukufunda okusebenzayo iindlela zokuthetha ngeqela, imiboniso esekelwe kwiqela, imiboniso esekelwe kwimiboniso, kunye nokukhuthaza ubuchule bonxibelelwano nokuzicingela ngokwayo. Noko ke, izikolo ezininzi zizama ukudibanisa ezi ndlela zizonke, njengoko isithunzi sovavanyo sisenza iinjongo ezinkulu kunye noomfundisi abasebenza phantsi koxinzelelo bomphumo-ondo.

Impilo Yengqondo Nentle: Itoll Efihlakeleyo

Imozulu yemfundo engapheliyo kunye nolindelo olungqongqo lwentlalo yabantu lunesiphelo esimnyama. Ukungabikho kwesikolo futoko) kuye kwaba yimbambano eqhubekayo, enamanani asemthethweni ukusuka kwi-MEXT ebonisa ukuba abafundi besikolo esiphezulu abakhange baye kwisikolo esiphambili esingu-240 000 kunyaka wakutshanje. Oonobangela basuka kwingxwabangxwaba (]ijejeke [) ukuxhalabela iimvavanyo nokungakwazi ukuqhelanisa izithethe eziqinileyo. Ibhuli ngokwalo lihlala liyingxaki engalawulekiyo nakubeni i-202020 kuphela, iimeko ezixelwe kwizikolo ezingaphezulu, ngokutsho kweNkonzo yemfundo.

Okubuhlungu ngakumbi kukuba, amanani okuzibulala phakathi kwabantu abaselula athe afikelela kwiinyanga xa kuphuma iziphumo zokungena kwimviwo. I-ofisi yeKhabhinethi yaseJapan iphawule ukuba umlinganiselo wokuzibulala kwabo bangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-20 uphezulu ngoSeptemba 1st, kanye njengokuba ibinzana lesibini liqala kwaye iingcinezelo zemfundo zibuya kwakhona. Inkxaso yempilo yengqondo kwizikolo iyaphucuka kodwa ayika ngokwaneleyo: abacebisi bezikolo, kwaye ihlazo elinxulumene nokufuna uncedo lwengqondo lihlala linamandla. Abafundi basoloko besenza uxinezeleko lolwano ngenxa yokuthetha ngaphandle kweqela.

Impembelelo yempilo yengqondo idlulela ngaphaya kwegumbi lokufundela. Imeko ye i-hikikomori (ukurhoxa kwentlalo) idla ngokulandela iimvelaphi zayo kumava esikolo ) ukungaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nolindelo, ukungcungcuthekiswa, okanye ukudinwa kakhulu kokuzigcina. Ezi zinto zinyanzelele urhulumente ukuba axhase ii-internet kunye nemfundo yempilo yengqondo kwizifundo, kodwa imiqobo yokuvula incoko yabantwana malunga noxinezeleko lweemvakalelo ihlala ihleli.

Ukuguqula Inkqubo: Imigaqo Emitsha Nocelomngeni Oluqhubekayo

IJapan izame ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukwenza imfundo yayo ikwazi ukucombulula olu khuthazo lwentlalo. yutori (ivusiwe) utshintsho lwemfundo ekupheleni konyaka ka-1990 kunye nobudala bonyaka wama 2000 luncitshisiwe, ijolise ekunciphiseni uxinezeleko kunye nobuchule bokusungula. Oku kujolise kufutshane: abazali abaninzi nabenzi bemithetho babesoyika ukuba imilinganiselo yemfundo iyawa, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe kwimiboniso yezizwe ngezizwe efana nePISA kwarhoxa. Ngenxa yoko, umjikelo ubuyela emva kwizikolo eziqinileyo, kwaye iiyure zesikolo kwakhona zanda. Oku kuboniswa indlela ezinzulu ngayo izingqungqubano zoluntu kumandla obuqu.

Utshintsho lwakutshanje lujolise kwi ulwazi olude lobomi kunye nemfundo yentlalo. Ukuqonda ukuba ulwazi lwezoqoqosho lufuna utshintsho oluqhubekayo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni . "njengezo ze Akita Prefecture" eziphuhlisa amaziko okufunda abantu abahlala kumsebenzi onika yonke into ukusuka ekuqeqesheni kwizifundo zenkcubeko zabantu abadala. Ingcamango yemfundo njengenkqubo yexesha elide ivavanya ingcamango engokwesithethe efikelela kwiqondo leyunivesithi, kwaye ikhuthaza abemi ukuba bahlale bebo abathembise nabalungeleneyo.

Indima yabafundisi-mfundo iphinda iqaliswe. Umsebenzi wesizwe wotshintsho lwemfundo uncomela ukuba abafundisi- ntsapho bashiye ukusasaza ulwazi olunyulu baye kucebisa ukuba abancedisi abakhokela abafundi abakwingxaki 76sophenu, ulwazelelelo, kunye nokufunda kwamanani. Kodwa, ukudinwa ngumfundisi- ntsapho ngumba othe qwa. Abaqeqeshi basebenza iiyure ezininzi kumazwe e-OECD, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yolawulo lweqela, imisebenzi yolawulo, kunye nokulindela ukuba babe ngabalawuli bezokuziphatha. Ukutshintsha inkqubo akufuni kuphela iinguquko-nkqubo kodwa izithethe ezithi zilungele ukuxabisa umfundisi-lwazi kakuhle kwaye ukunciphisa umthwalo woluntu.

Imigudu yokuqhuba ukungalingani kokufundisa [[FLT: 1] kuya kuhambela phambili. Iinkqubo ezifana nasemva kwenkxaso yofundisiso lwasezikolweni zasezikolweni zemfundo ephezulu kubafundi abasweleyo kunye nezolwazi ezilungiselelwe izikolo eziphezulu zabucala ukuhlohla ibala. Ngaphezu koko, izikolo zikawonke-wonke ezininzi zinika izifundo eziphambili kunye neenkqubo ze-baccauaparead zokukhuphisana namaziko azimeleyo. Ngelixa ezi zinyathelo zinceda, umba osisiseko wokufumana ufikelelo kunye nexabiso eliphezulu lemfundo liya kuhlala ingulwahluzo. Unyulu lwenyaniso iya kufuna utyalo olunzulu kwimfundo kawonke kunye nokuphumelela kwezizwe ngezizwe ngaphandle kohlobo lweyunivesithi ekhoyo.

Imfundo Yotya Nendlela Yokuhlala Entle Yokuhlala Eholweni: Ukuqhelisela iSukuikuku

Inkalo eyahlukileyo yemfundo yaseJapan edityaniswe nemicimbi yentlalo ebanzi yishokuikuu, okanye imfundo yokutya. Enshrined ngo-2005 Sic Law on Shokuik, imfundo yokutya iyinxalenye efunekayo yoqeqesho. Izikolo zisebenzisa abaphathi bezondlo ezilungeleleneyo, zifundisa abafundi ngezolimo zasekuhlaleni, kwaye zibafundisa ukuba batye ngendlela efanelekileyo. Lunch ayiyoyaphulo nje kuphela; ludidi, apho abantwana bafunda ukukhonzana, babonise umbulelo, baqonde ukutyiwa kwabo.

Oku kugxininisa ekutyeni okufanelekileyo kukuthintela ukunyuka kwenkxalabo ekhoyo yomntwana ngokutyeba kakhulu, ukutyiwa kakhulu, nokulahleka kwesithethe sokutya. Ngokufundisa abantwana beselula, iJapan ijolise ekukheni imikhwa ephilileyo ubomi bonke kwaye inciphise izifo ezinxulumeneyo. Ukuhlala kwesikolo sasemini kwakhona kukhuthaza ukuxhathisana kwezentlalo-ntle, njengoko abafundi betya isidlo esifanayo, becoca kunye, bexubusha ngemvelaphi yokutya. Ngoxa inkqubo inconywa kakhulu, ikwangeza olunye ukhetho lwe-yunithi: ukutya okungalungelelani noluntu kodwa okulungelelanisiweyo, kwaye ukuphambuka kunokwenza intsebenziswano. Noko ke, i-tsho ukuba izikolo zisebenzisana izithuthi zisebenzisana njengezithuthi zokuthetha inkcithontsingo yempilo yesizwe.

Imiphumo Ebangelwe Yimipu Ephakamileyo Ebuthoni

Iipateni eziveliswe kwizikolo ziphumela ngaphandle kwibutho lamaJapan. Ukugxininisa kwimvisiswano nengqeqesho kwenza abasebenzi abaziwa ngokubamba ixesha, ukucotha, kunye nomlinganiselo osezantsi wolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, amaxabiso afanayo angakucinezela ukungavumelani nolwahlulo kunye nolwakhiwo, nto leyo enegalelo kwimveliso eqhubekayo kwezinye iinkalo. Ukhetho olunzulu lwemfundo ludala isigaba esisoloko sixabisa isiqinisekiso sobuchule bokwenyaniso, nomsebenzi wobomi obunxulumene ngokusondeleyo negama lomntu obekho eyunivesithi kunokuba aqhubeke ebonakalisa ubuchule.

Ngaphezu koko, ukuxinezeleka okungokwengqondo “kokuvavanya isihogo” kunye nokuvumelana kwentlalo kunxulumene noxinezeleko olubanzi loluntu. Amanani anyukayo eJapan oxinezeleko, ukuwohloka komtshato nokuzala, kunye nokwanda kokurhoxa koluntu kubangelwa lutyekelo oluntsonkothileyo, kodwa imfundo ekhutshwayo inguthunywa obalulekileyo. Xa abantu abaselula bechitha iminyaka yabo yokuzilolonga kwimeko apho ukungaphumeleli kuyingozi kwaye ubuqu budimazeke, badla ngokuphuma beba bakhule benemvo ebuthathaka yokuzimela ngokwabo.

Imigudu yokuguqula imfundo ikhutshwa kwiphulo lokuvuselela ibutho labantu baseJapan. Inkqubo yesikolo exhasa ngokwenene impilo yengqondo, ebandakanya iinguqu, kunye nobuchule bokuyila iinguqu azizukuvelisa abafundi abonwabisayo kuphela kodwa zingenza noqoqosho olunamandla, oluphuculayo. Ukuqhubeka kwemfundo esebenzayo, ukuchanabeka kwemfundo, kunye nemfundo ehlala ihleli.

Ugcino-lwazi oluninzi olunenkcukacha ngemigaqo-nkqubo yemfundo nezibalo zamaJapan, tyelela i [[FLT: 0] ingxelo yemfundo, yeNkcubeko, yezenzululwazi, yezenzululwazi kunye nezobuxhakaxhaka (MEXT). Uthelekiso lwezizwe ngezizwe, i-OECD Emfundo eGLAnce inika uluvo olubalulekileyo. Ukuqonda iingxaki zempilo yengqondo, i-[FLT:] i-World Health Organization yeJapan inikeza izibonelo. Okungakumbi ukufunda ngokuxhaphaza nokungavumi kwesikolo kunokufunyanwa [[FLT:]].NPPUNCON [FT].[5]