Ukuzingelwa kwamagqwirha kwamandulo kweYurophu kunye neMelika elawulwa ngamathanga kusenye yezona ziganeko ziphazamisayo kwimbali yoluntu, ixesha elide lentshutshiso yoloyiko eyabulala amawaka abantu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, isithethe esidumileyo siye saphinda sayijonga le ngxelo engaqhelekanga yakudala ngephupha elibonisa oko kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphandle kwibutho labantu elinoloyiko. Eli nqaku lihlola ungcelele lwembali [[FLT: 0] iBlown Academia iboleka lembali ethetha ngembali yokwakha ihlabathi apho imilingo yokwenene kodwa abasebenzi bayo bephila phantsi kwethunzi elidala elinoloyiko. Eli nqaku lihlola uthotho lwembali lokuzingela imbali ukuvelisa inkalipho, kwaye lichaza ukubonakala kwakho kwasekunene.

Imbali Eyinyaniso Yokuzingela Amagqwirha

Phakathi konyaka wama-1450 nowewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesihlanu, amaza amagqwirha agqugqisa kulo lonke elaseYurophu laza kamva lachitheka kumathanga aseMerika. Ababhali-mbali baqikelela ukuba abantu abangama - 40 000 ukuya kuma - 60 000 babulawa emva kokubanjwa bebotshwe ngamagqwirha, yaye inkoliso yamaxhoba ingamabhinqa. Ngoxa umfanekiso wesitulo sokugoba nesibonda esitshayo ulawula imbono eqhelekileyo, ukuzingeyonye iphulo elilungelelaniswe kodwa yayiyingxubevange yengcamango yonqulo, iingcinezelo zentlalo, kunye nezakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezaguqula ummelwane.

Isiseko Semfundiso Yecawa Nendima YeCawa

Isiseko sobuchule bokuzingela amagqwirha amakhulu aseYurophu sabekwa ngabefundisi abathi bachaza ubugqwirha njengobuqhekekileyo noMtyholi. Umgudu weCawa yamaKatolika oweenkulungwane zokuphelisa amasiko obuhedeni ngokuthe ngcembe waguqula abantu namabhinqa akwizixeko abazizizilumko zaba zizicaka zikaSathana. Ngo-14144, uPopu Innocent VIIII wakhupha inkunzi [[FL: 0] Sumimims desiderates trans heputus [[[Foctus:] [[Flact:] [FLM]], owagunyaza ngokucacileyo i-Am', owagunyazisa abagxeki-ngqhinga ukuphelisa ubugqhinga eJamani nangaphaya kweminyaka embalwa, yaye esetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni yiBhochwa, i-Dominin Heinrich Kram esetyenziswa yiBreast eninzi, ekwayingcwali, engathi amaLungholuspost, eekhozi, eekhozi, eekhozi, eenziwe ngokufulmosa

Ukuqalisa Kweengxaki Zezoqoqosho Nezentlalo

Amagqwirha ayengafane avele kwizinto ezifihlakeleyo. Xa imfuyo ifile okanye isichotho sonakaliswa kwesivuno, iNkathi ye-Ice encinci, eyabangela amaqondo abandayo, ukungaphumeleli kwesivuno, nendlala kwimimandla emininzi yaseYurophu ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-14 ukuya kweye-19, yadala iimeko apho abantu bakhangela ngamandla ukuba bafumane umntu oza kutyholwa. Xa imfuyo ifile ngokufihlakeleyo okanye isichotho sonakalise isivuno, ukukrokrala okunga. Umhlolokazi owayehlala yedwa emazantsi edolophini, ibhinqa elikhulileyo elihlwempuze kakhulu ukuba linikele kwizinto eziqhelekileyo, okanye umzanyana othelelwayo wakhutshwa ngokuqhotyo waba lugciso olulungileyo. Iingxaki zezoqoqosho phakathi kokwanda kwezenzo zamashishini neembopheleleko zoluntu zasekuhlaleni zadlala indima ethile; abo babengafuni ukuqalekiswa, nabo babewa ngamanye amaxesha abo babewa bebo abagqeshwe ngokuba ngamagqhinga.

Umfazi Nobubi

Enye yezibakala eziqinileyo zokuzingela amagqwirha yindalo yawo. Kwimimandla emininzi, phakathi kwama-75 nama-85 ekhulwini abo babulawayo yayingamabhinqa. Abavumisi ngeedemon babehlobanisa ngokucacileyo nobugqwirha bendlela ababebujonga njengezalwa nayo, ubuhenyu, nokungalinganiyo kwamabhinqa. IMalleus Maleficarum ichaza amabhinqa “njengononyamezelo lwamangqondo kunye nomzimba. kwaye ngokukhethekileyo asengozini kwizilingo zikaMtyholi. Le ngxaki iguqulelwe kwinkqubo yokugweba eyayisetyenziswa njengenkqubo yokugweba eyayiphethe nawuphi na umfazi ok ’ umlomo (ukungamelangathethi nto-ngaboni, ngokuziphathi, okanye ngokulula ukufikelela kwimichiza.) kwaye ngokulula kakhulu kunyango lobubhishophu. Nangona amadoda ayesongelo, ayedla ngokuba ngamadoda, oonyana, okanye abagxatyanikazi, abagcinelwayo, abagcineze ekuvavanyeni, ityala.

Ukusasazeka Kweemeko Zezulu Neziphawulekayo

Ukuzingela amagqwirha akuzange kwabethwe ncam kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Imimandla ethile enjenge-Elpian Bukhosi obuNgcwele baseRoma, iSwitzerland, iSkotlani, kunye neenxalenye zeFransi, zabangela unxunguphalo olukhulu, lwetsheyina elinobungozi elaphumela ekubulaweni okuninzi okanye kwamakhulukhulu ngonyaka omnye. IWürzburg neBamberg yamagqwirha avavanywe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-17 yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-100. Ngokungafaniyo ne-Europe, ukuvavanywa kwe-Atlantiki, iSalem yamagq, amatyala adumileyo eMelika. ESalem, umxube wemin, ingxube yezantlukwano eshumi elivisayo, iPuri, kunye nengxube yezopoliti yezo zezobupolitika zakhokelela ekubulaweni kwabantu abangama-20 kunye nokuvalelwa kwemininzi kwinyanga ezimbalwa. Ngokungafaniyo, iimvavanyo ezithengwayo, ezisoloko ziqala ngeqela leenjiko le-Sal, ekwaneesal.

Ukupheliswa Kwexesha Lokuzingela Amagqwirha

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, inzondelelo yokuzingela amagqwirha yaqala ukuhla. Utshintsho olusemthethweni lwaphakamisa umgangatho wobungqina kwaye lwenza ukuba uvumo lwentuthumbo lungabikho ngqiqweni. Ukuthandabuza okukhulayo phakathi kwabaphathi abafundileyo . /I-Cecrific Revolution ne-Clifity(recuty) i-glow njengenkolelo-nkolo kunokuba isisongelo sokwenene. ENgilani, uMthetho we-Bloki wangowewaka liwaka eli-1735 wakwenza kwaba lulwaphulo-mthetho ukubiza amandla omlingo kodwa angazange avume ngokomthetho ukubakho kwawo ngokwawo amagqhinga, kwaphela ngokuphumelelayo ukubulawa kwemiloyitha eYurophu e-1782 eSwitzerland, nangona ugonyamelo oluphaphaphelo olucingekayo lwaqhubeka lungekho mdlakan ’ umlomo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-19 ye-19.

Ukwazisa ‘ Amagqwirha Amancinane ’

Ngokukhawuleza kwiinkulungwane ezine, kwaye inkumbulo yesithethe yokuzingela amagqwirha iye yatshintshwa yaba yiphupha elichukumisayo. Iglows Academia encinane , ekuqaleni ifilimu emfutshane exhaswe kwiprojekthi ye-Anime Mirai kwaye kamva yandisiwe kuludwe lwezomabonwakude, isenzeka kwi-Nina Nova Macapal Academy, isikolo esidumileyo samagqhwitha. Kulophu, umlingo uyinto yokwenene, kodwa kwakhona uyaphela. Uwonke awusakholelwa kumagqwwwn, kwaye uluntu luye luzimela izithethe ezivakala zingamavanga. Umendo lwalomo oluqhelekileyo, lulandela uAtsuko-Kagari, intombi ekwisiqalo esingeyobugrozi, esoloko ikho, kwaye ikholelwa kwi-Tshayine, emva kokuba ivuke.

Ukuzingelwa Kwamagqwirha Ngemibutho Emangalisayo

Nangona lo mboniso ungakhe ubonise ngqo ukuvavanywa kwembali, isithunzi sentshutshiso sijingajinga kwisakhiwo sawo sehlabathi. Iziganeko zangaphambili ziveza ukuba amagqwirha aye ajamelana noloyiko olusasazekileyo nogonyamelo, ezinyanzelisa ukuba afihle ubuchule bawo. Oku kubonakalisa indlela yokwenene yemilingo eqhutywa ngomphantsi kwecawa kunye norhulumente. Ucwangciso lwephupha lomboniso luyenza ikwazi ukuthetha ngamasalela angokweemvakalelo nangokwesithethe amagqwirha ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa kukuchana kwembali, oku kwenza imixholo ifikeleleke kumntu ophulaphuleyo namhlanje.

Ukoyika Umlingo Nempembelelo Yobugqwirha

Kwilizwe leNinea Nova, umlingo ulahlekelwe yindawo yawo kwibutho labantu ngenxa yokuba uphuhliso lobugcisa luthathe indawo yawo. Incoko ye-flash kunye nophawu lwencoko yengxelo ibonisa ukuba ukukhukuliseka kwenkolelo akwenzekanga ngoxolo; amagqwirha ayebekwa ityala ngeentlekele kwaye aba ngamaxhoba okuxhalabela uluntu, njengangoko abantu behlabathi benyani abanobuqhophololo baphinda babekwa kwakhona njengabameli bobudemondi ngexesha lobunzima. Umthombo onciphileyo womlingo, iSer’s Stone, waba sisidemo sesithethe esingqikelelwe phantsi kwengqingingi. UAkko wafikayo wabe ucel ’ umngeni wokuzikhusela kwesikolo, kanye njengokuba amabhinqa embali aqhelisela ukuphilisa okanye ukuhlasela okucacileyo.

UAkko Kagari: Ingcamango Yanamhlanje Yobugqwirha Elwa Nekhethe

UAkko ngokwakhe uchaza ngokutsha igqwirha. Akanakugqwesa, akanahloniphe, kwaye akanazintloni ngokupheleleyo ngamaphupha akhe . "ayahluke kakhulu kumagqwirha amnyama, akwindawo ephantsi ahlala kwisikolo. Umzabalazo wakhe wokufumana izinto ezisisiseko ezifana nenyaniso yembali yokuba abo batyholwa ngoloyiso babengamalungu anamandla aphantsi kwingingqi yabo. Kodwa ukuzimisela kuka-Akko kutyhila umbhalo: kunokuba atyunyuswe yinkqubo elindele ukuvumelana, usebenzisa ukuchana kwakhe njengomthombo wamandla. Ekuqaleni abafundi abafunda nabo bagculela ngokomhlathi ongekho mmangaliso, nabaqeqeshi abanjengoNjisi uFinnelan bawamlanisa amandla akhe, bebonakalisa indlela entle yoluntu ababengafanelana nemisebenzi ebhaliweyo.

Imilinganiselo ehambelanayo: Ukuzingca nolungelelwaniso

Olu ngcelele lusoloko lucela ithuku lokutyhola. Ilinge elibandakanya isityalo somlingo ebelwe ngokuphosakeleyo libekwe ityala kumfundi ophantsi libangela ukungxama kokutyholwa okuchazwa kokungaginyisi mbali. Izithethe zesikolo ezilawulayo, ezinyanzelelwa ziintsapho zomlingo ezinamandla, zibonakalisa ukugcinwa kwesango lombutho ogqibayo ukuba ngubani “ongumxhasi wesigqeba” nowayesisisongelo. Kwanelifa likaShiny Inqwelolerp, ngoko libhiyobhiyoze, lathiswa lidelh, landuvanekwa, ngoko ke, elishwa lidedede lide lide lide lide lide lisithi ukuqhankqeka ngokukhawuleza lide xa umntu ongaliyo ekwangathandekiyo. Ezi zinto zithetha imbali zivakalayo zivakala kwimbali yokwenyaniso yokuzingela iingcuka, apho amaxhalalo abenga ebenokukhuselwa abantu abanokulwa emva komkhosi.

Ubuhlobo, Iingcinga Ezirhabaxa Neziphiwo

Intlantsi yokuqala yeli nqaku yaphawula ukuba [i- Bloch Academia encinci igxininisa ubuhlobo, ukugxeka, kunye namandla abantu abazama ukuvavanya izithethe eziqhelekileyo. Le mixholo ayingokuhombisa nje; inika ikhambi kugqirha wengqondo owenza ukuba ucinezelo lwamagqwirha lukwazi ukufumaneka. Imbali ibonisa ukuba intshutshiso eninzi ikhula kwindawo ezingqongileyo ezizodwa, uloyiko, kunye nokungaguquguquki.

UAkko, uLotte, noSucy benza uluntu oluncinane lokuxhasana oluzigcina ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuzo zombini izisongelo zomlingo nezentlalo. Olu thungelwano lobuhlobo luchasene nobuchule bokukrokra, abantu abarhanelayo bamandulo, apho isityholo esinye sinokumhlula umntu kuzo zonke iinkonzo. Xa abathathu behlola imfihlelo, baqhelisela uhlobo lokucingela olugxekayo olungekhoyo kwiinkundla ezifumana ubungqina okanye ukuvunywa kwengcuthekisa. Olu ngcelelenelo lude luchase inkolelo engacacanga: abasebenzi ababambelela ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwiziprofeto zakudala okanye imfundiso yomlingo badla ngokuyingozi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, uAko ukuzimisela kwakhe ukuphikisana nesithethe sithethe .

Izifundo Zembali Nexesha Lokubuya Umva

Imbali yokuzingela amagqwirha iyaqhubeka isebenza ngokungxamisekileyo. Nangona singekatshisi amagqwirha atyholwayo esibondeni, ukuphazanyiswa kweedemon zamaqela aphantsi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zenkohliso akukhange kuphele. Abaphengululi abanjengoSilvia Fedici noAnne Llewellyn Barstow baye bahlola indlela abaqala ngayo ukuzingela amagqhinga angaphambili abekwe iziseko zokulawula imizimba yamabhinqa kunye nokusebenza okuzinzisa ngokuzinzisayo ezintsola ezikhoyo namhlanje. Inkxaso eboniswa kwimibango yezibheno zezobugrogrisi ezihlasela abantu, kunye noluvo lwezopolitiki oluthi oluthiweyo oluthi luthi luthi luzilungele ukupheliswa ngoku ngoku, ukuphenjelwa kwembali ebhaliweyo ngokwembali emele ilumkise nathi.

I-Academia encinane yamagqwirha ithetha kwezi ngxaki zale mihla ngaphandle kokushumayela. Ngokubeka ibali layo kwintombi engafuniyo ukwenza amathemba aphantsi ebutho labantu, ifuzisela uhlobo lokuzinzisa olufunwa lucalulo lwehlabathi lokwenene. Olu ngcelele lubonisa umgca othe ngqo phakathi kwembali yentshutshiso kunye nemfuneko eqhubekayo yezithuba apho umahluko unganyamezeleki nje kodwa uqwalaselwe.

Isiphelo

Imbali yokwenyaniso yokuzingela amagqwirha ingumsebenzi onzulu wokwenza oko kunokwenzeka xa uloyiko kunye namandla eququzelela ukukhanyela uluntu lwabambalwa. Iglowubhu elincinane i-Academia , ngenxa yazo zonke iintengo zayo ezithe gqiza kunye neenkuni ezibhabhayo, zithatha inxaxheba ezinzulu kwelofa. Ikhuthaza ababukeli ukuba baqonde isandi sangaphambili sangoku, kwaye bakhusele nothotho lweqabane, ukudinwa kwebhinqa elinelo, okanye ihlokozo elinokudubulana i-intanethi kunye nokungabikho ngaphandle kwe-intanethi. Ngokuqonda iindlela ezaguqula ummelwane ummelwane iinkulungwane ezidlulileyo, sizixhobisa ukuba sifumane ubungqina obulawulayo, kunye nozibobobo obuphambili bokukhusela intelekiso: ukukholelwa kukuba abantu abaninzi ehlabathini lonke.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kokuzingela kwe-Europe, tyelela imbali ye-'FLT:0]. Com ushwankathelo lobugqwirha kunye Encyclopédia Britannica ukungena kwimizingelo yamagqwhoyi. Ukuhlola okuninzi nge-aimae, i-[FLT: 4.] umzobo we-Wufficial Litt WitchAdemia cork unika iinkcukacha kunye notho lwemveliso.