Isithethe seWhite Lotus kudala siqondwa njengeqela elifihlakeleyo elinobuqhetseba elinenjongo enye engqinelanayo. Enyanisweni, limela umsinga ontsonkothileyo womoya nowentlalo owenziwe kwiinkulungwane zembali yamaTshayina, obunjwe kukunyanzeleka nokutsalwa kweenkokheli ezinamandla, iimfazwe zamahlelo, kunye nokulangazelela ulungelelwano olungapheliyo. Ngaphezu kokuba uthungelwano lwemvukelo, iWhite Lotus yayingumbono owenziwe ngobuchule obuninzi phakathi kolwazi lobuqu nemvukelo. Ukuze siqonde impembelelo yayo, kufuneka sihlolisise kungekuphela nje iimvelaphi zayo kunye neenkxwaleko zembali, kodwa kwanongqungquthela eqhubekayo eyabangela ukuba ikhule kwaye iphinde idibane.

Isiseko Sonqulo Nesobunzululwazi

ISivumo sokholo seWhite Lotus asizange sisuke kwisiqu esingenanto. Sathimba izinto ezisuka kwimikhwa yobuBhuda eschatology, izenzo zobuDaoist zobude bobomi, kunye neManichaean dibian dissions, ezidibanisa nesithembiso esinamandla sosindiso. Oyena mntu wayengundoqo nguMama Ongunaphakade (Wusheng Laomu), umzali ongokongokobuthixo owayedale abantu kwaye ngoku elusizi ngenxa yokugula kwakhe phantsi kolawulo olungendawo embi. Amakholwa ayelindele ukuza kukaMaitreya Budha, lowo ukhanyiselwe kwixesha elizayo, owayeza kungenisa isizukulwana esitsha somanyano lwendalo. Lo mbutho wolawulo olunamandla kakhulu: inkolelo yokuba abantu abalungileyo babenako ukukhawuleza ukuguquka kolawulo lwendalo — ummandla wendalo — kwaye abuyisela ulungeleniso lwehlabathi.

I-Great Ming Ming Code yenkulungwane ye15 yavala i-White Lotus njengehlelo lehetrodox, kodwa lo mthetho wayenza yanzulu isiqu sayo. Abalandeli babehlanganisana ngamacandelo amancinane, afihlakeleyo, ngokufuthi behlanganisana ebusuku ukuze bakhalise izibhalo, benze imithambo yokuphefumla, kwaye babelane ngemibono. Iimfundiso zazigxininisa ukunyuswa kokuziphatha, ubumda, kunye noncedo. Ngenxa yokuba ezi seli zazingenayo i-palitistyhead, isithethe sasilulwe ngokwemvelo. Inkosi nganye yayikwazi ukucacisa le mfundiso, inika umahluko ophawulekayo wemikhwa eya kubangela ukungavumelani kwangaphakathi.

Imeko yembali kunye nenkcubeko yemali

Isibheno seWhite Lotus sakhula ngexesha lentlekele yemekobume nengcinezelo. Kumva wolawulo lweMing, ukulandelelana kokungaphumeleli kwesivuno, izifo ezifayo, kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwerhafu kwaqhubela abantu abalimi kwingxelo yeApocalypse. Xa ulawulo lweManchu-Q lwaqiniswayo lwamaQatseba lwaqina phakathi kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo, amaHanthe anyanisekileyo amaninzi afuna indawo yokufihla intloko kwiWhite Lotus system, adibanisa umbutho nezikhalazo zezobupolitika kwakunye nethemba lonqulo. Ngenkulungwane ye-18, imida yemida yentaba phakathi kweHubei, Sianchu, kunye neShaanhiko yaba likhulu elikhuselweyo likhuselwe yilizwe, ubuqhetse obusemthethweni, urhwano, kunye nodidi olukhulayo lwezisebenzi bamazwe.

Inkxwaleko yezoqoqosho kuphela ayichazi ukuba le ntshukumo ihlala iqinile. Yayikukudityaniswa kokuswela izinto eziphathekayo nolangazelelo lokomoya okwabangela umanyano olunamandla lwemvakalelo phakathi kwabalandeli. Isithembiso se-apocalypse ekufuphi, elandelwa kukulawula koxolo kweminyaka eliwaka, asinikelanga nje intuthuzelo kodwa sisixhobo esiqinileyo sokusinda. Xa amaphulo okucinezela aqhutywa yimizana ehlaselayo, intloko-White Lotus yakwazi ukumisela ezi ntlaselo njengemizwa yehlabathi elitsha, iguqula ngokunempumelelo ingcinezelo yomkhosi ibe ngamathuba okufumana imvume.

Ulawulo Olunamandla Negunya Elinokuncedwa

Ubuholo phakathi kweWhite Lotus abuzange bumiselwe; phantse buxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwimpembelelo enomtsalane yabafundisi-mathiriyeli ngabanye. La manani — abizwa ngokuba "zii-patrorchs" okanye "iinkosi ezihloniphekileyo" — ayeqhagamshelana ngqo noMama Ongunaphakade kunye namandla okuphilisa abagulayo, ukuchaza amaphupha, nokuxela kwangaphambili iintlekele. Igunya lawo lalinamandla anamandla acacileyo ngengqiqo epheleleyo: laphelisa ixesha abalandeli baphelelwa lukholo kwimpumelelo yenkosi engaphaya kwamandla emvelo. Inkokeli eyasilela ukunikela ngemvukelo ekwaprofetiwe, okanye eyathi yabhencwa njengomkhohlisi, yayinokulahlwa ngobusuku obubo.

Iinkokeli ezisebenzayo zahlakulela ulungelelwano oluluqilima phakathi kobunye ubungcwele behlabathi kunye nobuchule bobuchule. Kwafuneka ziqinisekise abalandeli bazo ukuba ixesha lobuthixo lalingenakugungqiswa, ngoxa kwakusenzeka ukuba kubekho izixhobo zokutya, kwaye kudibane namaqela asekuhlaleni. Le ndima idibeneyo yabangela uxinzelelo olunzulu lwengqondo. Umzekelo, uWang Lun, owakhokela imvukelo ephawulekayo kodwa encinane yangaphambili eShandlong ngowewaka liwaka linamakhulu asixhenxe, waqalisa njengomfundisi nomhlazinzi we-aratistiki ohloniphekileyo. Wakwazi ukuhlanganisa amahlelo amaninzi asekuhlaleni ngokugxininisa ubuchule bokulwa ngokwamandla okuqeqesha umzimba kunye nokuqeqesha ngokomoya. Kodwa ukungaphumeleli kwakhe ukukhusela isiseko sobuvukelo olunamandla kwakhokelela ekubeni noloyishwa, ebonisa indlela elula enokuthi inyani ekwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokutyibilisayo xa inokwenziwa kwi-activeraccorac.

Ukusebenzisana Kwamandla Omoya Nawentelelo

Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lokhokelo lukukuxolelanisa imvelaphi yokungaphili mfazwe yalo kunye nokuguqukela kwayo kwizixhobo. Imibhalo yangaphambili yabamhlophe iLotus yagxininisa ukungaphazamisi, ukucula, nokuphinda ivuselelwa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Kodwa njengoko ucinezeleko lwezorhulumente lwaqina, ezinye iinkosi zaphikisa ukuba uMama Ongunaphakade wavuma imfazwe yobulungisa yokucoca ihlabathi leedemon — ithetha amagosa kunye namajoni awayekhonza ulawulo lwasemzini wasemzini wasemzini. Le mfundiso yezakwalizwi yadala ucalucalulo olunyulukileyo phakathi kwabo babefuna ukulondoloza isithethe esinyulukileyo nabo babeneengcungcuthelo. Ukhuphiswa phakathi kwezi mibono zimbi zombini zangenze lwasohlwa, kwaye yaphinda yagqitywa kwimvukelo enkulu yabamhlophe uLotus.

Ingxabano Yangaphakathi Nezenzo

Ukufaneleka kobume beWhite Lotus ngexesha elinye kwaqinisekisa ukukwazi ukumelana kwayo nokuqhekeka kwayo. Ngaphandle kolwahluko lwayo oluvunyiweyo lwequmrhu lokhokelo, iimpikiswano zemfundiso zingakhula zibe lucalucalulo olusisigxina. Iihlelo zaseHenan zazisoloko zigxininisa imithetho yokutya nokungatshati, zikholelwa ukuba ubunyulu bomzimba babuyimfuneko ukutsala uMama noMama Ongunaphakade. Okwangoku, abantu baseSichuan bafaka uxanduva olukhulu kwingiselwano kunye nolimo lwentlalo, belubona umanyano lwentlalo njengoluphawu oluyintloko lokholo. Le ngxabano ibinokuhlala ingenakudityaniswa ngaba bathathiweyo kunye nokunyaniseka kwezizwe.

Imilo yamandla phakathi kwabafundi abakhulileyo yayiqhelekile. Xa usolusapho owalupheleyo engazange aphawule ngokucacileyo ukuba usolusapho ungena ezihlangwini zakhe, abamangalelwa abaninzi babeza kugxambukela kwingubo yokhokelo, ngamnye otyholayo ngokuchasana ngokuwexukileyo okanye ukuthengisa amakhubalo ukuze afumane inzuzo yobuqu. Iimpikiswano ezinjalo zawanciphisa amandla entshukumo yokudibanisa amanyathelo amakhulu. Umbhali-mbali Barendend J. uBar Haar uye waphawula ukuba iingxabano zangaphakathi zazidla ngomonakalo kakhulu kuWhite Lotus systems kunokuba zivumele abantu ukuba bangazifuni amahlelo azimeleyo, benza umanyano olungapheliyo, kunokuba balahle inteleko ezinto ezifihlakeleyo. [[FLT:] i-RTY] ibonise ukuba ukutshintsha kobugrogrisi kuphenduku oluzinzileyo luye lwesithethe luye luye luziyeke ngokulula, lusenza umanyano oluzinziswe ngokuzinzisayo.

Ukwahlula - hlula Kweengcamango Nomda Wogonyamelo

Akukho ngquzulwano yangaphakathi eyathi yatshabalalisa ngaphezu kwengxoxo yokusetyenziswa kwamandla okusemthethweni. Ezinye izithethe, njengehlelo lesibhozo leTrigrams, zamkela imigangatho yabaphathi basemkhosini kwaye zaqeqesha abafundi kulwa lwazandla. Abanye, ingakumbi amasebe angonwabanga, bagxeka nakuphi na ukuphalaza igazi njengentambo ephazamisa umgangatho kaMama Ongunaphakade. Xa iWhite Lotus Regions yavuka ngo1796, la maqela angomzolileyo ahlala emacaleni eendiseni okanye asebenzisana nemikhosi karhulumente ukuzingela iiseli ezivukelayo. Isiphumo yaba yimfazwe yamakhaya phakathi kwemfazwe yamakhaya, njengoko ngaphambili iinkonzo zobuGaventi zaba ngabasebenzi bomkhosi abaphambili bemfazwe bazisa ukwazisa kwaye balwa nabazalwana babo.

Imvukelo emhlophe (1796-1804) njengeNkundla

I-White Lotus Revolution ingunobangela wenkqumlisi kunye nenkcazo yentetho yezopolitiko. Ixhotyiswe kukunqongophala kokutya, ukusetyenziswa kakhulu, kunye nokuphangwa kwelizwe elinobundlobongela kwiintaba ezisemdeni, ukuvukelwa kwakhawuleza kwaba yimfazwe ethabatha iminyaka elishumi. Xa yayiphezulu, imvukelo yaquka amakhulu amawaka abantu kwaye yabiza imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-200 zesilivere, ukuphuma kwemali okwathi shwaba ngukumkani.

Phezu kwalo nje umlinganiselo wayo, imvukelo ayizange ibe liphulo elimanyeneyo. Iinkokeli ezifana noQi Wangshi noYao Zhifu zasebenza njenge inkokeli zemfazwe zasekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi zingavumi ukunxibelelana okanye ukwabelana ngeempahla. Izixhobo zazo ze-metopia zadityaniswa ngenkokeli ethas eyavuza ubugorha bobuqu kucwangciso lweqela. Imiyalelo ephezulu, ekuqaleni edibeneyo, ekugqibeleni, ilungelelaniswe ngokwakha isakhiwo somyalelo esimanyeneyo kwaye isebenzise “indlela emnandi nehayidi".

Ukuze ufumane ushwankathelo olucacileyo lodaba lwemvukelo, bona [[FLT: 0] ukungena kweEncclopedia Britannica yeWhite Lotus Revuew, echaza iziganeko ezingundoqo kunye nefuthe lazo kulawulo lweQult.

Ukusilela Nokuphoswa Ngamathuba Okukhokela

Imvukelo yabhenca indlela ukhokelo olunamandla anamandla ngayo ukuba lungachatshazelwa kakhulu. Iinkosi ezininzi ezivukelayo zingqongwe ngabantu ababuxhasayo ubuxoki bazo bokungafezeki, zingazihoyi iingxelo zobulumko ezinxulumene nentshukumo zamajoni. Ukwenza izigqibo kwakusoloko kusekelwe ekuvumiseni kunokuqwalasela iinkalo. Xa intloko yawela edabini, abalandeli bayo babechithakala, bengenayo nayiphi na inkqubo yokudlulisela igunya. Le ndlela yaziphindaphinda kangangokuba umkhosi wafunda ukugxininisa imigudu yawo ekutshayeni iinkokeli ezidumileyo, esazi ukuba isikhundla nefayile zinokupheliswa ngaphandle kwento ephambili.

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ilusizi kukungakwazi ukwenza umanyano oluqinileyo olunqamlezileyo. Ingcamango yabamhlophe uLotus yayinobungozi bokutsala i-literati kunye ne-gnant yasekuhlaleni, kodwa ubuchule bayo bokuchaza isiphelo kunye nonxulumano lwamaqela aphezulu afundileyo angenalwazi lokulawula umhlaba obanjiweyo. Ngaphandle kobuchule bolawulo lokulawula, imikhosi yemvukelo yahlala ngonaphakade, iphila ngaphandle kokuphanga kwaye ngaloo ndlela iphambukisa abalimi ababesithi bayabakhulula.

Iphulo Lokulungelelana Kwimfundiso Nakubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Umxholo ohlala uhleli weqela leWhite Lotus wawulungelelanisiwe: phakathi kwezulu nomhlaba, phakathi kokuhlakulela ngaphakathi nokufunwa kokusesikweni ngaphandle, kunye nokweminye imihlaba yezinto eziphathekayo kunye ne-sharma engapheliyo. Oku kufuna imilinganiselo elungeleleneyo kwaqatshelwa kumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla. Imithambo yokuphefumla yenzelwe ukudibanisa uqonga, amandla abalulekileyo, ngexa izithethe zoluntu zidibanisa ingqiqo yeqela kunye nemijikelo yasezulwini. Ikhalenda yecawa yabhiyolisa imihla yokuzalwa koThixo njengamaxesha okuzalwa komda womntu ongokokufa nokaThixo yaya incipha, inika umbono ofutshane wokulingana okukhawulezileyo.

Impi - nxaki, kunqulo lwamaWhite Lotus, yayiqondwa njengeziphumo zokungalingani — ungcoliso olubangelwa kukubawa kwabalawuli ababeqhawule ulwalamano olufanelekileyo phakathi koluntu nendalo. Ngoko ke, imvukelo, yayingesosenzo sezobupolitika kodwa yayingumsebenzi ongcwele wokulungisa kwakhona ucwangco lwendalo. Le nkolelo yanika abathathi-nxaxheba ithemba elithe lathi lakuba buthathaka kwimiba engaphaya kwemihlathi. Kodwa kwakhona yawafaka kwisenzo esingaqhelekanga sogonyamelo, enoba sibubulungisa, sabangela izimiliselo ezintsha ezifuna ukuhlanjululwa ngokuqhubekayo. Imbali isenokufundwa njengothothotho lwemiba lokuphepha le ngxaki ngokuya kucocwa ngokomoya.

Ukulungelelana Kobuqu Nobomi Bokuziphatha BomGqirha

Kumlandeli oqhelekileyo, ulungelelwano lwahlakulelwa ngemithetho engqongqo yokuziphatha. URefraing ukusuka ekubulaleni, ekuxokeni, ebubeni, ekuziphatheni okubi ngokwesini, nokusetyenziswa kwemida ye-inxics-buddy yemiyalelo eboniswa ngepani kodwa yachazwa kwakhona ngelensi ye-apocalypse ekufuphi. Abaququzeleli babekholelwa ukuba abo bagcina ubunyulu baza kuhlanganiselwa kwi- “Dragon Flower,” iparadisi apho uMama Ongunaphakade ebeya kubamkela ngokobuqu abantwana bakhe. Olu qeqesho lobuqu, xa lusetyenziswa njengeqela, luvelisa intsebenziswano ephambili yentlalo-ntle enika iimali, isiqinisekiso sokuvuna, ukukhusela nokukhusela abahlolokazi nenkela inzala, isenza imeko entle encinane apho umlawuli angafanelana nabo.

Kwakhona ukukhula ngokomoya kwakufuna ulawulo oluphezulu kulawulo lomntu ozingcayo. Ootitshala balumkisa ngokunxamnye nekratshi, ikratshi, nokunqwenela udumo lwehlabathi — kanye izilingo ezaye zalukuhla abaninzi kwiphulo lokuzingca. Uxinezeleko phakathi komntu ozolileyo olungeleleneyo nolufuna ukubhukuqa ubundlobongela aluzange luconjululwe ngokupheleleyo, kodwa lwabangela incoko enzulu engaphakathi eyabangela ukuba inkqubela yezizwe ngesizukulwana iqhubekeke. Abaphengululi bemibutho labafundi bobumpuluko baye baphawula amandla afanayo kwiimeko ezisusela kwiSigellar - merea, nto leyo ecebisa ukuba abantu abasebenzisana ngeminye ingqiqo phakathi komonde nemvukelo.

Ilifa, Impembelelo Nendlela Esiziphakamisa Ngayo Namhlanje

Isithethe seWhite Lotus asizange sinyamalale emva konyanzelo lwango1804. Imiqondiso yayo, ubuchule, kunye neengxelo ze-apocalypse zabonwa kwimibutho elandelanayo, ngokuphawulekayo ii-Triads kwaye kamva iiBoxer ngexesha le-1900 i-Boxer Upprising. Ingcamango yemikhosi yobulungisa eyayinokumelana nelizwe elinobungendawo obunganyani kunye noburhulumente bamanye amazwe eyafunyanwa ibala elichumileyo kwintetho yeBocker yengoma ethi “IQ, itshabalalise abasemzini.” Ngoxa abasebenzi bebhokisi babesebenzisa imikhwa eyahlukileyo yemimibango, izifundo zomsebenzi we-White Lotus — imfuno yezobuGciso, amandla okusebenza kwemisholo nakusetyenziswa kwemibhiyo, kunye nobugqesho, nengozi yokwahlulo — ngokucacileyo yayisetyenziswa kwi-tratray.

Uphando lwemfundo ngendlela iWhite Lotus eyabumba ngayo imibutho yamva yonqulo, uphando lukaDavid Asby kwimibutho efihlakeleyo yamaTshayina lunikela uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lokuqhubekeka kweenkqubo zamahlelo kumacala ahlukeneyo.

Ukhokelo kunye nemigaqo yemfazwe yeWhite Lotus ikwafana nexeshana. Nayiphi na intlangano exhomekeke ngamandla kwigunya lempembelelo ngaphandle kokuceba ngokucacileyo ingxubevange yemeko yangaphakathi. Indlela ucoceko lwemfundiso olujikelezayo luye kwimfazwe lufundisa intsebenziswano yentlalo: ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezinamandla zokucombulula iingxabano, amandla asetyenziswa kumadabi angaphakathi kunokuba asetyenziswe ngaphandle kwe-advocacy. Imeko yabamhlophe i-Lotus ibonisa ukuba ukuthambeka kusenokuba likrele eliphindiweyo elizinziweyo — ubuchule bokuxhathisa imigaqo-cawa yasekuhlaleni eyandisiweyo kodwa elungelelaniswe ngokungenakufikeleleka.

Isifundo esinzulu, nokokuba, sixhomekeke kwisiseko somnqweno wengingqi wenkampani. Iphulo lolungelelwano aliyongxaki yokuconjululwa kanye, kodwa inkqubo yokuzinzisa ngokungapheliyo. Iinkokeli ezavumayo ukuba olu lwelo luhlala lukho, zisebenzisa iindlela ezingakhange zinikezeli imigaqo engundoqo, ziyakwazi ukuxhasa abantu ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka yokucinezelwa. Abo babebambelele kwiimfundiso ezingqongqo, okanye abaye bashiya ingqeqesho yokuziphatha eqinileyo ngenxa yokuxolelwa ngamandla, batsho ngomsinya. Ibali leWhite Lotus lisikhumbuza ukuba ukhokelo olunyanisekileyo luneminyo ekubanjweni — ukumelana nenkcaso, ukugqitha kunye nokungalawuleki, umntu ngamnye kunye neqela, ikrele, i-sutra.

Isiphelo: Isipili Sexesha Lethu

Iqela leWhite Lotus lalizizinto ezingqubanayo, eziphikisanayo, nezinzulu ebantwini. Lavelisa izenzo zenkalipho eyothusayo neziganeko zenkohlakalo eyoyikekayo. Lakhupha ilizwi kwimililo engekho mthethweni kodwa ladla ngokuziphelisa zisuka emlilweni. Iinkokeli zalo zazizibonelelo namaqhinga, iingcwele, neengwevu. Ngako konke oku, le ntshukumo ibambelele kwiphupha lokulingana lokuba akukho rhulumente, akukho mkhosi, yaye akukho namnye uqhekeko lungacima. Elo phuphalo, nokuba kungafezeki, lihlala lilucelomngeni kwisizukulwana ngasinye: ukufumana imvisiswano phakathi kwethu, okusesikweni, nokungaguquguqukiyo kunye nokungaguquguquki kwehlabathi esihlala kulo. Ekufundisiseni uLote, asiyifuni nje i-star ekwisipilini. Sibonisa ukulwa kwemilo, nomanyano phakathi komanyano, nomanyano loburhulumente.