Ukuzingelwa kwabathakathi kwasekuqaleni kweYurophu namazwe aseMelika ahlala ekhona kusenye yezigigaba eziphazamisa kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, inkathi ende yoshushiso lokwesaba olwabulala izinkulungwane zokuphila. Eminyakeni yamuva, impucuko ethandwayo iye yaphinda iqasha lesikhathi esidabukisayo ngezindaba zamaphupho ezihlola ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba umuntu ongaphandle emphakathini owesaba ukungaboni. Lesihloko sihlola iqiniso elingokomlando lokuzingela nezindlela umlando oziveza ngesibindi, futhi sichaza ukuthi ubudlelwane bakho buyini lobukhombangozeli bezwe lapho imilingo ingokoqobo kodwa abathakathi bayo bephila khona ngaphansi kwethunzi elingapheli lehlazo elidala.

Iqiniso Elingokomlando Lokuzingela Abathakathi

Phakathi kuka - 1450 no - 1750, amacala abathakathi agcwala eYurophu futhi kamuva achitheka ezindaweni zaseMelika. Izazi - mlando zilinganisela ukuthi abantu abangu - 40 000 kuya kwabangu - 60 000 babulawa ngemva kokuboshwa ngobuthakathi, futhi iningi lezisulu lingabesifazane.

Isisekelo Semfundiso Yenkolo Nendima YeSonto

Isisekelo sokuhlakanipha sokuzingela okukhulu konotha baseYurophu sabekwa izazi zemfundiso yenkolo ezabuye zachaza uthakathi njengobuphikisi noDeveli. Umzamo weSonto lamaKatolika othatha amakhulu eminyaka wokuvimbela amasiko obuqaba kancane kancane waguqula abaphilisi babantu nabesifazane abahlakaniphile basemaphandleni baba izinceku zikaSathane. Ngo-144, uPapa Innocent VIIII wakhipha inkunzi [[FL: 0] Summis desides trans transtapus [[[FLT] [[FLT] [F] [MFLT]], owagunyaza abagxeki abagxeki bemiya ngokucacile ukuba basuse ubuthakathi eJalimane nangalé kwayo, imvume yokubulala abesifazane, i-commond, futhi ingakathiwe kakhulu, nakuba isonto elingunyakaze yasetshenziswa kakhulu yisonto eliyibhungu elingu elingu-Erosiya eRoma, futhi lingasetshenziswa ngokuthanda ukubulala isonto eliyibhishoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshovu, isonto elinamandla kakhulu. Isonto, isonto elinguzi elingu - mbumbulu futhi

Ukukhuphuka Kwezinkinga Zezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Izinsolo zokuthakathi zazingavele zivele. Ngokuvamile zazivela ezikhathini zobunzima obukhulu. I-Little Ice Age, eyabangela amazinga okubanda, ukuhluleka kwesivuno, nendlala engxenyeni enkulu yeYurophu kusukela ngekhulu le-14 kuya kwele-19, yadala izimo lapho imiphakathi ifuna umuntu ngokumfuna kakhulu. Uma imfuyo ifa ngokungaziwa noma isichotho sonakalise isivuno, ukusola kwaqala khona. Umfelokazi owayephila yedwa ephethe emaphethelweni edolobhaneni, owesifazane omdala ompofu kakhulu ukuba anikele ekwakhele okuhle, noma umphembele onesiguli esiye sashiywa ngokushiywa kwakhe saba izisulu ezingcono. Ukuxabanambana kwezentengo ezomnotho phakathi kokukhushulwa kwezentengo yomphakathi nezibo kwenze indima; labo abenqaba ukuba baqalekiswe, futhi abafuna ukukhohliswa ngezikhathi ezithile.

Uhlanga Nobubi

Elinye lamaqiniso aqinile kakhulu okuzingela abathakathi yisimo sabo sobulili. Ezifundeni eziningi, amaphesenti aphakathi kuka-75 no-85 alabo ababulawa kwakungabesifazane. Ababhula ngamademoni bahlobanisa ngokuqondile ubuthakathi nalokho ababekubheka njengobuthakathaka bokuziphatha, ubulili, nokungalingani kwabesifazane abazalwa nabo. IMalleus Maleficarum ichaza abesifazane ngokuthi “abaziphethe kokubili engqondweni nasemzimbeni” futhi ikakhulukazi babesengozini yokulingwa nguDeveli. Lokhu kuhunyushelwa ebugqilini besimiso sobulungisa esasiphatha noma yimuphi owesifazane owenqaba imisebenzi yesonto (hhayi), ngokukhuluma ngesihle, noma ngokuzethemba kakhulu ngemithi yezelaphayo. Nakuba amadoda ayesongelo lwezenzala. Nakuba amadoda ayesolwa, amadoda, noma abangane bangaba abasoleki, imishini eyaba khona impumelelo yokuqunga.

Ukusakazeka Kwendawo Yonke Nokulingwa Okuphawulekayo

Ukuzingela abathakathi akuzange kwabethwe ngisho kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Izifunda ezithile cishe njengezwe elingcwele laseRoma, iSwitzerland, iScotland, nezingxenye zeFrance, zabhekana novalo olukhulu, lokungathathi hlangothi okwaphumela ekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi ngonyaka owodwa. IWürzburg neBamberg abathakathi baqala ukuqulwa ikhulu leminyaka lekhulu le - 17. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwezincwadi zekhulu lekhulu le - 17. Ngokungafani nelaseYurophu, ukuqulwa kwe-Atlantic, ukuvinjelwa kwemijajinga kwango ka-1692, i-Salem yase-Melika eyaziwa kakhulu. ESalem, inhlanganiselatheko yezenkolo eqinile yentsha, iPuritan, kanye nezimpi zezombangazwe zaholela ekubulaweni kwabantu abangu - 20 kanye nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi kakhulu ezinyangeni nje ezimbalwa. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwezincwadi ze-Europe, ngokuvamile kwaqala ngemibono ebanzi yamantombazane futhi yaqala ukubukiswa ngokushesha ezindaweni ezise-Kose-se.

Ukuphela Kwenkathi Yokuzingela Abathakathi

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, intshiseko yokuzingela abathakathi yaqala ukuncipha. Izinguquko ezingokomthetho zaphakamisa indinganiso yobufakazi futhi zenza ukuvunywa kwecala lokuhlushwa kwangenwa yicala. Ukungabaza okwandayo phakathi kwamalungu afundile − kwabangelwa yiNguquko yezesayensi kanye nokuKhanyiselwa kwe-Cecry·recusts buthakat sho ubuthakathi njengosongo lweqiniso. ENgilandi, uMthetho we-Dowphec wango ka 1735 wakwenza kwaba ubugebengu ukusho ukuthi unamandla omlingo kodwa awubuvumangakho ngokomthetho ubukhona ngokwawo ubuthakathi, waqeda impikiswano esemthethweni yokubulala ubuthakathi eYurophu kwaqala ngo-1782 eSwitzerland, nakuba kwakunobukhali obungabazi obumelene nobudlova obungamangalelwayo ezindaweni zasemaphandleni kungena emaphandleni ekhulwini lekhulu lekhulu le-19.

Ukungenisa ‘ Imvume Yabathakathi Abancane

I-Anime Mirai emakhulwini amane eminyaka, futhi inkumbulo engokwesiko yokuzingela kwabathakathi iye yaguqulwa yaba iphupho elibuhlungu. Ifilimu emfushane exhaswe nge-Anime Mirai futhi kamuva yanwetshwa yaba yithelevishini, iqala eSina Nona Macapal Academy, isikole esidumile sabathakathi. Kulelizwe, umlingo ungokoqobo, kodwa futhi uyancipha. Umphakathi awusakholelwa kubathakathi, futhi umphakathi wemilimo oye wabalekela ezimbonini, uvikela amasiko azizwa engabalulekile. Uchungechunge lulandela njalo u-Atsuko, intombazane esekelwe esizinda esingekho emadlozini e-Tshayina enzile ephenia enziwa yimfihlakalo eyaziwa kakhulu i-Skinton. U-Akokko uyaqhubeka ubuzeka ubuzeka, futhi ubuzeka ubuze, u-Asumpempempe, futhi ungumuntu ogcwele, uqobo wakhe, futhi uyaqhubeka ukuba abe ubuze, ubuze, ubuze, uqobo, futhi ubuzekampempempe.

Ukuzingelwa Abathakathi Ngezigebengu Ezimangalisayo

Nakuba lo mbukiso ungakhombi ngokuqondile ukuqulwa komthakathi okungokomlando, isithunzi sokushushiswa silenga ekwakheni kwawo umhlaba. Izenzakalo zakuqala ziveza ukuthi abathakathi bake babhekana nokwesaba nobudlova okusakazeke kabanzi, kubaphoqelela ukuba bafihle amakhono abo. Lokhu kuveza indlela yangempela yabenzi bemilingo abaqhutshwa ngaphansi komhlaba yisonto nezwe. Ukuma kwemibono yombukiso kuyenza ikwazi ukuxoxa ngezinsalela ezingokomzwelo namasiko ezisaleleyo zokuzingela ngaphandle kokucindezelwa ngokunemba okuqinile, okwenza ukuba izihloko zitholakale ezibukelweni zanamuhla.

Ukwesaba Umlingo Nethonya Lobuthakathi

Ezweni lase-Nyane Nova, umlingo uye walahlekelwa indawo yawo emphakathini ngoba ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe lwawuthathela indawo. Ukulandelana kwe-flash nokuxoxa ngezimpawu kusikisela ukuthi ukuwohloka kwenkolelo akwenzekanga ngokuthula; abathakathi babesolwa ngezinhlekelele futhi babengenwa izisulu zokukhathazeka komphakathi, njengalokhu abantu abanobuqili bangempela bezwe benziwa izimpawu zobudemoni phakathi nezikhathi zenhlekelele. Umthombo onciphileka amandla omlingo, iSer’s Stone, uba isingathekiso sesiko elivinjelwe. UAkko wafikayo wasola isimo sokuzivikela kwesikole, njengoba nje abesifazane abangokomlando ababenza izimpawu zokuphilisa noma uhlinza benselele izimpawu ezazifunwa ukuba zibe khona.

U - Akko Kagari: Umbangi Wanamuhla Olwa Abathakathi

U-Akko ngokwakhe uyisitha somthakathi. Akanawo amandla, ugqozi, futhi akanawo amahloni ngokuphelele amaphupho akhe − umehluko omkhulu nabathakathi abadangele, abanobuwula abagcwalisa isikole. Umzabalazo wakhe wokuthola izinto eziyisisekelo ufana neqiniso elingokomlando lokuthi labo abamangalelwa ngobuthaka kwakungabantu abanamandla kakhulu emiphakathini yabo. Kodwa ukuzimisela kuka-Akko kususa umbhalo: kunokuba abhujiswe yisimiso esilindele ukuvumelana, usebenzisa ukuthobeka kwakhe njengomthombo wamandla. Abafundi bakuqala bahleka u-Finnehn umphan, bewamukela amandla akhe, beveza indlela yomphakathi owawungafanelanikiwe.

Ukuvumelana Okufanayo: Ukuzikhohlisa Nokuvumelana

Uchungechunge lubonisa kaningi umuzwa wokuhlasela. Icebo elihilela umlingo owebiwe lisola umfundi osolwe ngokungafanele ngokubekwa icala ngokumangalelwa okuchaza ukuthuthumela komlando. Amasiko alesi sikole alawulayo, aphoqelelwa imikhaya enamandla yemilingo, abonisa ukugcinwa kwesango lokumisa okwanquma ukuthi ubani “ongudokotela wesigebengu” nowayewusongo. Ngisho nefa likaShinyy Itwelehn, kanye nelawo, labekwa indelelo elisehlanekezelwe, khona -⁠ amademoni ahlanekeleleka indlela ukulahlwa ngokushesha ngayo yisigebengu esingu esingundala isakhiwo esiqinile lapho umuntu ongagculisi ehluleka ukuboniswa umusa. Lokhu kulandisa kuveza umlando wangempela wokuzingela abathaka, lapho izinkathazo zomphakathi zihlelwa kubantu abangalwiwa.

Ubungane, Ukucabanga Okubucayi Namandla

Impicabadala yokuqala yalesi sihloko yaphawula ukuthi Ibhuki elincane elinobutha ligcizelela ubungane, ukucabanga okugxekayo, namandla abantu abawabekela inselele. Lezizihloko azihlobisi nje; zinikeza ikhambi lokuhlola okwenza ukuba ukuzingela kwabathakathi kube nokwenzeka. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi ukushushiswa okukhulu kuchuma endaweni ezungezile ehlukanisiwe, ukwesaba, nobuhlakani.

U-Ako, uLotte, no-Sucy bakha umphakathi omncane wokusekelana ozisindisa ngokuphindaphindiwe kuzo zombili izinsongo zomlingo nezezenhlalo. Lobu budlelwane obusekelwe ebungane buphambene nobukhonya, imiphakathi esolekayo yakudala, lapho ukusola okukodwa kungahlukanisa umuntu kuzo zonke izinsiza. Uma lezi zithathu zihlola imfihlakalo, zisebenzisa indlela yokucabanga egxekayo engekho ezinkantolo ezamukela ubufakazi obuseceleni noma ukuvuma ubufakazi bokuhlushwa. Le midlalo iveza ngisho nenkolelo engabonakali ngobumpumputhe: abalingi abanamathela ngokungenakuphikiswa eziprofethweni zasendulo noma eziqinile. Ngokungafani, u-Ako ukuzimisela kwakhe ukuphikisana nesiko cishe akholelwe ekutheni uhlobo oluhlukile lwemilingo yemilingo.

Izifundo Ezingokomlando Nezici Ezivumelana Nesikhathi Esizayo

Umlando wokuzingela abathakathi usalokhu ubalulekile. Nakuba singasashisi abathakathi abamangalelwa esigxotsheni, ukuhlatshwa kwezenzo zobugqila, ukufakwa kweqembu elingaphansi kwamaqembu ahlolwayo, nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali kungabonakali. Izazi ezinjengoSilvia Fedici no-Llewellyn Barstow ziye zahlola ukuthi izisulu zokuqala zokuzingela abathakathi ezibekwayo zanamuhla zokulawula izidumbu zabesifazane kanye nomsebenzi owenziwa ngokushintshashintsha izindlela zanamuhla. Ukuhlasela okungalawuleki kwemikhankani yokuhlasela ngezonotha, ukuhlasela kwemiphakathi engosini ewulayinini yezombangazwe okungavikelekile, kanye nokukhuluma kwezombangazwe okuthi imiphakathi yonke izitha. Ngisho “ukuzingela i - shthiwe ngokufanelekile manje kufanelekile ngezibalo ezingokomthetho zokuphenywa okungokomlando okufanele kuxwayise thina.

Abathakathi abancane bakhuluma nalokhu kucindezeleka kwanamuhla ngaphandle kokushumayela. Ngokugxilisa indaba yabo entombazaneni eyenqaba ukwenza amathemba aphansi omphakathi anciphe, ibonisa uhlobo lokuzimela olufunwa ukucwasana kwangempela. Lolu chungechunge luveza umugqa oqondile phakathi komlando wokushushiswa kanye nesidingo esiqhubekayo sezindawo lapho ukungaboni mehluko kungabekezelelwa nje kodwa kukhunjulwe.

Isiphetho

Umlando wangempela wokuzingela abathakathi uyinhlansi ehlasimulisayo yalokho okungase kwenzeke uma ukwesaba kanye namandla enhlangano kuhlangana ukuze kuphikise isintu sabambalwa. Intsha ethakazelayo i-Academia, ngenxa yakho konke ukujeza kwayo kanye nezinti zemishane, isebenza ngokungathi sína ngalelofa. Imema izibukeli ukuba ziqaphele imvubu yakudala kulokhu okukhona, futhi zivikelekelele ekuxhaphazeni kwengane nofunda naye, ukuxoshwa kwangaphandle kowesifazane ohahayo, noma isixuku esingaqala ukuvela kuyi-i - Internet nangaphandle. Ngokuqonda izindlela ezashintsha umakhelwane emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, sizihlomisela ukwakha imiphakathi elawulwa uzwela, ubufakazi, nokuzinikela ekuvikeleni abasengozini. Uchungechunge luyithemba lokugcina icala lokukholelwa ukuthi ngisho nasezweni elikhonyantiwe kubantu abano.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ngokuzingela kwabathakathi baseYurophu, vakashela umlando .com ukucaciswa kobuthakathi kanye [[FLT]] Enclopédia Britannica ukungena ezimpilweni zothakathi [. Ukuhlola okwengeziwe nge-aima, i-official Litt WitchAdemia cork inikeza imininingwane yokukhiqizwa kanye nochungechunge lwe-rotre.