Umkhiqizo we-anime uhambe umgwaqo othakazelisayo, uqala ngama-flipbook alula futhi ugcine emagumbini anamuhla adweba izidwebo lapho zisebenza khona yonke imiklamo engaphandle esihenqweni. Ukusuka kumafelemu ezithombe ezidwetshwe ngesandla kuya emishinini yekhompuyutha kwaguqula yonke into ekhona: izibonakaliso zathola imininingwane engakaze ibonwe, izilinganiso zesikhathi sokukhiqiza zifinyele, futhi abakhi bavele baba nenqwaba yamathuluzi abenza baphishekele imiqondo eyayingenzeki. Le nqubo yezobuchwepheshe ayizange nje yenze ifanekiswe ngokushesha; yavuselela indlela izindaba ezilandiswa ngayo, indlela izinkculo ezibonisa ngayo imizwa, nendlela abantu abahlala emhlabeni wonke abaxhumane ngayo ngezindaba eziphindizayo.

Izindlela zokuqala .ukudweba ephepheni, ukudweba ama-celluloid, nokusebenzisa izilinganiso zemishini ukuze ufanise ukunyakaza . Zimise iqophelo lalokho esikubheka njenge-amime yanamuhla. Ubuchwepheshe obunjenge-CGI, izibhebhe zamanani, ne-software eyinkimbinkimbi iye yaba isisekelo semboni yanamuhla, kodwa izimpande zayo zintekenteke futhi zenziwe ngezandla. Ukuqonda ukuthi uhlu lozalo lusiza ukuchaza ukuthi kungani i-aime i-atle i-opera ebanzi.

Umsuka Wezici: Ukusuka Ezincwadini Ze - Flup Kuya E - Celluloid

Kudala ngaphambi kokuba kube khona izikhungo zokuhlola, abasunguli namathiniker bathola izindlela zokukhohlisa iso ukuba liqonde. Lokhu kwakuqala kwakuwukusebenza nokubona, kodwa basungula isimiso esiyinhloko esisekelwe kukho konke okuncike kulokhu: ukulandelana okusheshayo kwezithombe kudala inkohliso yokuphila.

Ukutholakala Kokuphikelela Kokubona

Ukuphikelela kokubona kuyinqubo engokomzimba lapho isithombe sihlala khona kuyi-retina ngokwengxenye eyodwa yesigamu sesekeni ngemva kokuba imithombo yokukhanya inyamalele. Uma uchungechunge lwezithombe lunikezwa ngokushesha ngokwanele, ubuchopho buzihlanganisa zinyakazise uketshezi kunokuba buqonde amafelemu ahlukene. Lokhu kuqonda komuntu kwahlolwa kuqala ngokujule kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, futhi kwaba umsuka wesayensi kuyo yonke imidwebo ethatha izithombe. Abacwaningi abanjengoPeter Mark Roget noJoseph Plaotaoteans bahlola indlela iso elingakhohliswa ngayo, kuholele ekushisweni kwamathoyizi akha amafilimu akha phezulu nayingi.

Izisetshenziswa Zakuqala: I - Zoetfic, i - Praxinoscope, Ne - Magic Lantern

I-zooetlup, isigubhu esiphothayo esinezicucu ezimile kanye ne-squad yemidwebo eqinile ngaphakathi, savumela izibukeli ukuba zilunguze ngezibuko ezivulekile futhi zibone. Kwakulula, kulula, kunezinga, futhi zigcwele. upranonoscope[[FL:1] [] wathuthuka kulo mqondo ngokufaka uchungechunge lwezibuko, ukunciphisa futhi wenze izifanekiso ezithambile. Zombili imishini yabonisa ukuthi izithombe ezidwetshiwe zingalingisa ukuphila, futhi zatshala imbewu ye-frame-frame-frame. I-fish, umshini womlingo odweba amaslide ezithombe ukuze uphonswe izithombe odolo, waze waze waze waveza futhi waveza umqondo wezinto ezisethwayo. Uma zihamba ngemishini ehlanganisa izithonsi, zazikwazi ukuhlanganisa izintambo ezibonisa izimpawu ze-ploging.

Izincwadi Ezifukulwayo Nezithombe Ezinyakazayo

Izincwadi ze-flip zasusa isifanekiso esisezingeni laso: inqwaba yamakhasi axhunywe ephethe i-check, ngalinye linesithombe esishintshwe kancane. Ngokuphenya incwadi, isibonisi sazenza zakhohlisa ngokunyakaza. Akukho projekthi, gesi, futhi akukho mishini ekhethekile eyayidingeka. Izincwadi zedemodefacratecrated futhi zanikeza abadwebi indlela eqondile yokuhlola ukulandelana. Amajaji amaningi aseJapane ahlangana njengendlela yokuzilibazisa abantwana, nesimiso sokudweba i-sequatial ahlala ephakathi kokudweba i-aimcape nenkinobho yesihluthulelo namuhla.

I - Plantamagoria Nemibukiso Yomlingo

Imidlalo ye-Pantasmagoria ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 nasekuqaleni kwele-19% yasebenzisa izibani ezihambayo zomlingo ukuze zibuyele emuva ezithombeni ezifushaniswe ngemisebe, ngokuvamile emakamelweni amnyama. Ukwesaba okubangelwa yilokhu kwabonakala kuntsonta, kukhula, kunyamalale, kubangele umuzwa wokunyakaza okungaphezu kwamandla emvelo. Lemiboniso yayiyizinto zokuzijabulisa ezibonisa amehlo futhi yabonisa ukuthi izilaleli zazifisa okuhlangenwe nakho okuzwa kuphila. UCharles-Éméed's Reynaud's [[FLTL:0] uThéâtreque [[FLTLD:1], okubonisa ukulandelana kwesandla sesandla esibonisa izibuko nokunye, ifaka umqondo wazombili phakathi nezithombe ze-mathi emhla nekhulu leminyaka.

Ukwanda Kwesifanekiso Nesici Esivamile

Njengoba i-movie yayivela, izifanekiso zathola ikhaya elisha. Ubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula imifanekiso yomuntu ngamunye nokuyidweba ngesivinini esikhulu baguqula ilukuluku lokubona laba ubuciko obugcwele. Izimpawu zendabuko, ikakhulukazi izifanekiso ze-cel, zaba indlela evelele emhlabeni wonke futhi zabeka isisekelo semboni ye-amine yaseJapane.

Insimbi Nenkathi Yegolide

Isivinini sesel sasebenzisa ashibhi ekhanyayo ye-cellulose acetate(cels) .Onto yiziphi izilinganiso zombala ezipendwe. Insimbi ngayinye yabekwa phezu kwesizinda esifingqiwe futhi yathatha isithombe esinye ngesikhathi. Lenqubo yasindisa umsebenzi omkhulu ngoba abadwebi bekwazi ukusebenzisa izizinda futhi baphinde badwebe izingxenye ezinyakazayo. Inqubo yathatha ama-cellosethi futhi yasebenzisa amandla avame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-Golden Age of America. Walt Disney’s [[FLT: 0] isikebhe sesikebhe [[[FLT:] [16] i-Stoctive:28]) iqala umsindo kanye ne-Mickey enyakazayo, nakuba i-Multyn Mouse encil encikelelene. I-MFLDY] Ne-SV [FFF37] i-ends i-sss exppotooke inf.

Le ntuthuko yathonya ama-amicator aseJapane afunda amasu aseNtshonalanga lapho ejova i-opera amehlo awo. Ama-amiste akuqala asebenzisa i-cel egcone futhi ayihlanganisa nemiklamo eminingi edwetshiwe nemidwebo e-scled. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indlela yashintsha yaba i-aescopecticticus, kodwa i-plum eyisisekelo ye-imicrame, phakathi, kanye ne-cel-eh ahlala ikhona amashumi eminyaka.

Izingqwembe Ezinethonya Nezimpawu Zophawu

Ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 kwaboniswa izimboni zezezezemethazo zaseMelika zichaza isilinganisi sezentengiselwano sezentengiselwano nesobuciko esasizolungiswa kamuva kwamanye amazwe. I-Walt Disney Studios yamisa uketshezi olubekwe phambili, ukunyakaza kobuntu nokujula kwendaba. Warner Brots. yahlakulela i-afly-packed sigtick nehlaya elinobuya elinobuwula ngezimpawu ezifana ne Buns Bunny neDaffy Duck. Izindlela zokuthatha i-mforty. Fleischer Studios yanikeza umhlaba i-Betty Boop noPapapey, i-rosopeding, indlela elandela i-el real gagrangeography ephilayo ukuze ikwazi ukunyakaza ukuphila. Lezi zinqubo zokususa i-fratemfo.

Isifanekiso saseJapane sathatha lezi zifundo ngesikhathi sisahamba ngendlela yaso. I-semintal studio Toei Intee Inteence, yasungulwa ngo-1948, yakha ipayipi elikhiqizwayo ngokwengxenye ekhonweni ye-disney ye-disney kodwa yasungula uchungechunge lwakuqala namafilimu asekelwe ezinganekwaneni zamaJapani, ukuguquguquka, kanye nokulandisa okulandelanayo. Izimpawu ze-iconic zaqala ukuvela qhamuka (notscots, kodwa zakhene ezindaweni eziningi. Lokhu kulandelana, kuhlangene nokuzimisela ukuthatha izigcawulo ezimnyama, ukuphuma kwe-imimfontss ezisasazi se-seNtshonalanga.

Ukuvela Kwe - anime Embulungeni Yonke

Impumelelo ka-Anime yomhlaba wonke yafika kancane kancane. Kuwo-1960, uchungechunge olunjengo-Astro Boy (1963) lwathunyelwa futhi lwabizwa ngezangaphandle, lwaveza amagama amasha okubona ezibukelini ezaphakanyiswa eDisney naseWarner Brots. Oopopayi abalinganiselwe abasetshenziswa ngokudingekile (mafelemu) ngomzuzwana, ukuncika kakhulu ekhamerani eshukumisayo kanye nestyhibes. Izibukeli zaseNtshonalanga zaqala ukuhlobana namehlo amakhulu, imigqa esheshayo, kanye nezingasithengi ezingokomzwelo.

Ngo-1980 nango-1990 kwabhebhethekisa le nqubo yomhlaba wonke. I-Studio Ghibli, eyasungulwa ngu-Hayao Miyazaki, yaveza imisebenzi ewubuciko njenge umakhelwane Wayo uTotoro no ] Owazuza ukudunyiswa [u-Ayizuze] kwemisebe yezizwe zonke futhi wabonisa ikhono lenhlabo yendaba echazayo nezindaba zendawo ezungezile. Ividiyo nethelevishini yaletha izihloko ezingenakubalwayo eYurophu, eLatin America, nase North America, ukukhulisa isizukulwane sabalandeli ababefuna ukuhanjelwa futhi kamuva ngemitapo yemisebe. Ukushintsha kwenkulungwane yeminyaka, ukulandisa kwendaba yenkulungwane yekhulu, izihloko zezemaJapanna kwakuyinto engokwesiko emhlabeni wonke.[ilokhu kuseyalelwa i-Japanne.]

Inqubo Yokudweba Nokulungisa

I-froadtop, noma e-konte ngesiJapane, iyipulani yanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo ophilizelayo. Iveza ukudubula ngakunye, isho ukunyakazisa kwekhamera, futhi idwebe izibhambo ezingokomzwelo zesenzakalo. Izimboni zemifanekiso zasendulo zabeka isisindo esikhulu kulesi sinyathelo ngoba sasisebenza njengethuluzi lokuqala lokuxhumana phakathi kwabaqondisi, izibani, nabaholi. I-consitorsding i-fix ingasindisa amasonto amaningi okudlala ukusebenza ngokucacisa isikhathi nangokwakha ngaphambi kokuba kudwekwe ifule elilodwa.

Ezweni elivamile, i- e-konte ivame ukudlula ngezindlela eziningi zokubukeza, futhi abanye abaqondisi abahlonishwayo baveza amabhodi anemininingwane engakholeki aphindwe kabili njengemidwebo yezobuciko ngakwesokudla sabo siqu. Le nqubo yokudala ihilela umqondisi ohlela ukulandisa okubonakalayo eduze kombhalo, kuyilapho izihlungu zichaza leyo mifanekiso ngezimpawu eziyisihluthulelo. Isiko eliyaliweyo, elizuzwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwezezezezeze-Ntshona, lihlala liyikhono elibucayi ngisho nanjengoba amathuluzi adlule ngakwesokudla. Namuhla, i-software enjenge-Proboard Pro ingahlangana nokhiphidiomistry, kodwa ukusebenza kwengqondo yezithombe ze-sequenccing synds.

Ukushintsha Kwezinombolo: Ubuchwepheshe Nokubuyiselwa Kwezinto

Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, amathuluzi ezifanekiso aqala ukusuka kupende namaphepha kuya kumaphini nekhodi. Ukufika kwamacomputer endaweni yokuhlola ekuqaleni kwasebenzisa imisebenzi yangemva kokuveza nokuhlela enjenge-composition, kodwa ngokushesha yonke imisebenzi yaphinde yahlelwa. Ushintsho lwalungolwesicefe kakhulu, lapho izimali eziqinile nezimiso ezifuna impumelelo zathuthuka kakhulu.

Ukufika Kwe - CGI Nemifanekiso Ye - computer

Umfanekiso owenziwe ngekhomphyutha, noma iCGI, yaqala ukunyakaza ingena ezifanekisweni phakathi nawo-1980. Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwavela kumafilimu anjenge Tron [1982], futhi ekuqaleni kwawo-1990, i-software-driven ibiba yingxenye evamile yezimpawu ze-memogics kanye ne-thelectic . I-CGI yavumela abadwebi benza amafilimu amathathu anezimo ezibonisayo, basebenzise ukukhanya, futhi bahambise ikhamera emkhathini we-mifuziselo ye-electal /into eyayidinga amasuntswana akhanya kakhulu esikhathini esidlule. Embonini, ekuqaleni iCGI yayisetshenziswa ngokucutha, izizinda eziyinkimbinkimbi, noma imiphumela enzima ukudweba ngesandla. Njengoba ezobuchwepheshe ziveza izimo ezivuthiwe, izici ze-3 ze-D zihambisana nezinhlangothi eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukwanda Kwezifanekiso Zesithathu Ne - Pixar

Impumelelo kaPixar Indaba ye-Toy Stoy (195]) yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu enobude obubonakalayo ingakhiwa ngokuphelele ngempahla yekhompuyutha futhi isanikeza ukubuyisa okungokomzwelo. Impumelelo yefilimu yasheshisa imboni ngokulandela amapayipi e-minutic. 3D i-software efanekiswe ngemiklamo enesimo esiqinile, efaniswe amandla angokomzimba, futhi ekhiqizwa ukukhanyisa okuzwa ukuthi i-intelligicle. I-pixar yangaphambili i-PFLT [FLY:2]] i-Jr. kakade yayisingekile ukuthi idesiki elilula lombala sedesiki elikwazi ukubonisa ngonyakazodwa kodwa isandiswa ngendlela engabonakali nje kuphela.

Ama-anime studio aphawula, kodwa amaningi ayeqaphile. Abakhi baseJapane babechithe amashumi eminyaka becwengisisa i-2D asthetic, futhi ukushintshela phambili kwabane-3D kwafaka izilaleli eziphambukile ezisengozini yokuthanda uhlobo lobuciko be-apine nombala wamanzi. Kunalokho, kwavela indlela exubile: i-3D yemifanekiso yemecha eyinkimbinkimbi noma yesixuku, kuyilapho abadwebi abayinhloko babelokhu bedwetshwe ngesandla noma ngomshini bedwetshwe ngendlela ye-2D.

Ukubukiswa kwe-software yeSifanekiso

I-sofford esebenzisekayo futhi enamandla i-software yedemocratic imboni. Izinhlelo ezifana ne- Adobe zenza oopopayi, i-Toon Bootm Harmony, ne-OpenToonz yavumela 2D imidwebo yonyaka, i-pagrame, ne-compositoit ngaphandle kwephepha elilodwa eliphathekayo. I-studios ingahlola isihluthulelo sesandla bese ibala, ixube, ihlanganisene, futhi isebenzise i-actal cel neges zokulinganisa imibala. Namuhla i-aimae isebenzisa lamathuluzi ukwenza izinombolo phakathi kwemizwa, iyasebenza, futhi ilawula izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ebezingaba yiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule.

Ku-amimicator ezimele namaqembu amancane, i-software evulekile e-source njenge-Comptator iye yashintsha indawo ngokunikeza indawo isambatho esiphelele somkhiqizo we-3D ngaphandle kwezindleko. Le ntuthuko isho ukuthi umdali one-laptop angaveza umsebenzi olingana nokhiqizwayo kweqophelo le-studio, ngisho noma ukulandisa nokulungisa i-technometer kuhlala kuyiziwishi zangempela.

Imikhuba Yanamuhla Nobuciko Obushintshayo

I-amime yanamuhla ihlala emphambanweni wesiko nenqhinga. Studios uvame ukuhlanganisa ama-cel adwetshwe ngesandla ahlolwe ngezwi eliphezulu, ama-fremu apendiwe nge-mitag, kanye nempahla ye-3D endaweni eyodwa. Umphumela uyinto ethambile engakhomba phakathi kwemigqa yepensela nokulunga kwemifanekiso ye-computer kuye ngokwezidingo zendaba.

Izindlela Zokuvivinya Impilo Nezindlela Zokuzama

Imishini eminingi yanamuhla ye-apime ixhomeke ku-ibrud part. Isivinini esingase sifakwe ephepheni noma esibhebheni se-minuc, kodwa phakathi kwe-software, imibala, nemiphumela ipheleliswa nge-software enjenge-Clip Studio Pain okanye i-Toon Bootm Harmony. Rotoscoping, lapho ama-aimators alandela khona imikhondo ephilayo-intshukumo yokuhlola, abuye athandwe ngokuthatha isisindo esingokoqobo kanye nezenzo zobumcaba ezicaba ngesikhathi esasetshenziswa ekubukeni. I-ichopiter yongqimba lwezinsi, izizinda, nezici, ukulungisa nobubanzi bethunzi ngezindlela zokuhlanganisa ukuphakama kwe-image. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba i-im ukuba i-gegene nokuhlolwa kobumbobo obunga kakhulu.

Abanye abaqondisi baqhubekisela phambili imingcele ngokuhlanganisa umklamo ofingqiwe wokuhamba, izici ezivimbela ukunyakaza kwenhliziyo, noma izingxube ze-media. I-soligi ezixubeneyo, amafilimu, namavidiyo omculo avivinyayo ngokuvamile ahlanganisa izifanekiso ze-2D nezithombe ezingokoqobo zezwe, izinto ze-3D, ngisho nokusikwa kwephepha elikhishwe ngesandla. Lokhu kuhlola okuxubile kungenzeka ngoba i-software isusa izithiyo eziningi ezingokomzimba zamashumi eminyaka adlule, ingenisa isiphazamiso phakathi kwezekelo, ubuciko obuhle, nemithombo yezokuxhumana.

I - stom-Motion Ne - clameation Studios

Nakuba ukuma kwemibhobho nobumba kungeyona isisekelo sokusetshenziswa kwe-ayimime, kuhlala kunezingxenye ezibalulekile zesivinini sembulunga yonke esithonya abakhi bobumba. Studios njengo-Aardman Zithonsis noLaika ifilimu yezobuciko esebenzisa i-frame-mfele-mkla, inqubo yokusebenza ngokungavamile enikeza ubungcweti obukhethekile. Lokhu kuveza ikhono lobuciko obukhethekile. Lokhu kuveza ngisho nobuciko benqubo yemboni yezezimboni ezisemkhathini, zonke izinyuko ze-astmem(* ziveza ukuxhumana okungokongokongalinganiyo okungokodwa okubangelwa yimidwebo. Abanye abaqondisi bamaJapan baye bazama ukuyeka ukuveza ukuma kwemizwa kwemizwa, izikhangiso, nokuvula, kubonisa ukuthi ukuveza kwenqubo ebumba kungacebisa ngisho nokuthuthukisa ngisho nokuthuthukisa imboni yezemboni yeze-Dmomu. Imboni egcina intebe ithe ukubonakala ezindaweni ezisekuqondeni. Ime ivimbela ukubonakala ezindaweni zezingxoxo ezisekuhleleni zezingxoxo zezindaba ezibonisa ukuthi izimicishi ezibonisa ukuthi kukhumbuza izinto eziveza

Ithonya Lempucuko Nezwe Lonke

Anime manje ibonisa ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwamasiko okwakha namazwe ngamazwe. Uchungechunge lwaseMelika olufana no- Avatar: I-Last Airbender incoma obala i-aimage njenge-stylistic ne-rolatentive, kuyilapho amahlelo aseNtshonalanga eqasha ama-antimator aseJapane njalo noma amaprojekthi ahlangeneyo axuba umsindo. Umphakathi wembulunga yonke, ohlome ngemibhoshongo ebanzi nemfudlalwayo, amawashi ama-simulfast namahlelo ahlukene aqalayo phakathi kwamahora e-Japane. Lokhu kudlulisa i-mediation i-sting commeterstingsss noma izilaleli, futhi iye yakhuthaza ukulandisa kwemidathako ehlukahlukene kakhulu.

Ithonya libuye libuye lihambe ngemuva: abakhi baseJapane babhekisela kakhulu ezigijimeni zembulunga yonke, umculo, kanye nezitayela zokubona ngoba bayazi ukuthi izilaleli zisemhlabeni wonke. Indaba ngokwayo iye yaqala ukwamukela imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuziphatha, i-genre-bulanding, nezindawo zokubhala eziqala phakathi kwazo zonke izinkathi zonyaka. Intuthuko yesayensi yezokusebenza kwezibalo ("kusukela ekusakazeni kwezibalo kuya e-AIIN-evence-phakathi-phakathi--"iqhubekela phambili ku-reshape, kodwa inhliziyo yobuciko ihlala ikhona entweni ekwazini ukuguqula i-flipse. Njengemishini eqalayo injini ye-fliptbook. Njengemisebenzi emisha ethatha isikhathi esisebenza kanye kanye nekhiqini lokukhiqiza, i-active iyakungena kwenye inkathi yokuguqula ngokushesha, ukuguqula futhi impumelelo kwayo.