I-Anime sekuyisikhathi eside idunyiswa ngamaqhawe ayo anamandla anesibindi, obungane, nokuqiniseka okungantengi. Kodwa emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, inguquko enokuthula iye yakhukhuleka: ukunyuswa kwempi emelene nobuphekula. Laba bayizimpawu ezilahla izikhali ezikhazimula zokulunga, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa amaphutha, ukukhubazeka, nokungaqondi kahle njengamathuluzi abo ayinhloko. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela lemiklamo evelele yokuzilahla ngokwayo konkulunkulu abadumele izinkemba zegazi ezidulini, abamelene nezigebengu eziphiselayo abaphinde baphinde baxoxe ngayo ngezindaba ezibonisa ukugxeka kweqhawe.

Ukuchaza I - anti - Hero E - Anime Yanamuhla

Umlwisi we-hero ungumuntu ongenazo izimfanelo zeqhawe elingokwesiko . "Izimo ezihlukanisayo", ukungabi nalusizo, ukucaca kokuziphatha, nombono wethemba. Kunalokho, i-ainee antihero ivame ukusebenza endaweni empunga lapho ingcaca khona elungile nengalungile ezindaweni zomuntu siqu, imizwelo ephilayo, noma ngisho nokuzifihla ngokuqondile. Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwabo okungokwengqondo yilokho okubenza bahlukane: bangaba nobugovu, ubugovu, noma ukuhlukume kakhulu, kodwa bahlala beyikhomba elikhulu lendaba. Lencazelo igwema “impicalo elimazayo engenza kahle”. Kunalokho, ukumelana nohlobo lwe-hero kuvela emsukeni osubaleleneduko (Inglame) ezindaweni ezigcwele (Inglaye) (igmit) ewuhluphayo) (ignognognucre).

Izimpawu eziyinhloko ze-animine anti-hero zihlanganisa:

  • Izingxabano zangaphakathi ezivame ukungqubuzana nezifiso zabo nezenzo zabo
  • Ukuzimisela ukusebenzisa ubudlova, ukukhohlisa, noma ukuxhaphaza ukuze ufinyelele imigomo
  • Izisusa ezisekelwe ekuhlukumezekeni komuntu siqu, ekuziphindiseleleni, noma enqubweni yengqondo kunokukhathalela abanye
  • Izindawo ezimelene nezinqumo ezicocekile noma ukuhlengwa kokuziphatha

Lezi zici akuzona izinto ezihlelwayo kodwa izinjini zokulandisa. Zisunduza indaba endaweni engajabulisi, ziphoqelela izibukeli ukuba zibhekane namaqiniso aphazamisayo ngobulungisa, amandla, kanye nobuntu. Endaweni egcwele imikhomo ecwebezelayo ekhanyayo, i-hero inikeza umehluko odingekayo `a umthungo obonisa izimfantu zomfanekiso womphakathi [.

Ukwanda kwe-hero akuzenzakalelanga. Kufana nokushintsha kwembulunga yonke ekulandiseni izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokubaluleka kwethelevishini nezincwadi, kodwa isimo esiyingqayizivele se-ayime sokuziphakamisa ne-episodic sivumela ukuhlola okuthatha isikhathi eside kohlobo lomuntu oyedwa noma ukudida. Ngokwencazelo, abamelene nomthetho owesabekayo bamema izibukeli ukuba zishiye ukuphepha kokuziphatha okumnyama nokumhlophe futhi esikhundleni sokuhlala enmpunga empunga.

Ubufakazi Obuphawulekayo Bemigqa Yehero

Amaqhawe avamile akhiwa ngesimiso esivamile: OKhethiweyo othola amandla akhethekile, oqoqa abangane, futhi anqobe ububi bangaphandle ngesibindi nangothando. La ma-tropes [1] kusukela ku-ieyerandin ekhanyiswe ukuya ku-paladin enziwa i-acconant medin jl ephindaphindwa kakhulu kangangokuba abe yisidube. I-hero i-evingss proganing ngayinye yaleyosakhiwo ehlelekile.

Ukuziphatha Okungalungi Kungaphezu Kokuhle.

Amaqhawe asebenza ngaphansi kwekhampasi ecacile yokuziphatha: avikela ongenacala, anqobe umkhohlisi, asekela ubulungisa. Amasosha alwayo angakulahla lokho okubili. Izenzo zawo zingahlanganisa ukubulala, ukukhaphela, noma ukuxhaphaza okungenazwela, kodwa izinhlu zezenzakalo ezikhethayo hhayi njengezinto ezimbi kodwa njengemiphumela yefilosofi evumelanayo, esontekile. U Light Yagami akaboni njengesigebengu; ukholelwa ukuthi unamandla adingekile okuhlanza izwe. Lokhu kuxega kubangela izibukeli ukuba zingabaze ukuthi iziphetho zingakenze zikwazi yini ukuthethelela. Kuphazamisa umqondo owethezenelisayo wokuthi “ubuhle” buyimfanelo ehlukile, abantu benza izinto ezimbi kakhulu, futhi abantu abanhle bangenza. Ukuzisola okungenangqondo kufaka iziqondiso ezimisweni zomuntu eziyo.

Lokhu kuthatheka kwe-trope kufinyelela izinga lako lapho isimiso sokuziphatha esimelene ne-hero sibonakala singenzeki kodwa sishaqisayo. Ukungavumelani kwangaphakathi kudala inhlekelele ehlala njalo. Ngokungafani neselelesi esibi kuphela, i-antihero yenza isimo esishukumisayo endleleni yabo, ihenge izibukeli ukuba zihlanganyele ekuthatheni kwazo isimilo. Lokho kuhengela mhlawumbe kuyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu elilandisayo ku-aine, ngoba kuphenduka ukusetshenziswa kwekhono lokulwa kokuziphatha okunempumelelo.

Ukushisekela Inkolo Nokunxusa Ukuba Uthathe Isinyathelo

Inombolo ethi “ukufuna ukuthatha uhambo lokufuna ukulibona” ibona ngokulangazela iqhawe (noma ngesibindi) ukwamukela ikusasa lalo. Anti-heroes uvame ukulwa nalomkhosi. Itshe lika- lisuka ku-Berserk[ Belderk [ ayifuni ukusindisa izwe; ifuna ukubulala umuntu owabulala ukuphila kwakhe. Ispiegel isuka ekwamukeleni imali ukuze ingabi khona ngenxa yesifiso sokufuna ukukhohlakeleka kodwa ithole ukudla nokugwema isikhathi sakhe esidlule. Uma lezi zifebe zenza amaqhawe, ngokuvamile zizenza ngendlela ewundlu noma imizwelo yazo yokuzindela. Laphaya ukuthi ukuqhawe kulahlekelwa ukukhanga kwayo; kuba yimfucumfucumfucumfucu, ngezinye izikhathi, futhi iyahla, futhi iyacana.

Lokhu kungafuni kwenza izilaleli zibe nozwela. Amaqhawe avamile abangela ukuhlatshwa umxhwele; amaqhawe alwa nothamo olunqindile abangela ukuxubana okuyinkimbinkimbi kozwela, ukukhungatheka, nenhlonipho. Ukuqhela kwawo nekhono lobuqhawe kuzenza zizizwe zingokoqobo ngokwengeziwe. Ezweni lapho izimbangela ezinkulu zivame ukudida, iqhawe elikhalayo, “Angikuceli lokhu,” isebenzisa ukugxeka kwanamuhla okuzwakala kakhulu.

Izisusa Eziyinkimbinkimbi Nezinkathi Zobudala Ezifihliwe

Amaqhawe anezinhliziyo ezimsulwa alwela abangane, ukuthula, noma “okuhle kakhulu.” Anti-heroe ashukunyiswa izisusa eziphunyukile, ezijulile, futhi ngokuvamile ezingathandeki. Impindiselo, amandla, ikhona, noma impoqo yokufuna ukukhululeka enhlekeleleni . lokhu kuphembelela uhambo olumelene nokwehla kwe-hero. I-Lelouch vi Britannia ifuna ukubulala umbuso ongawona nje kuphela olungile, kodwa ukuphindisela nodadewabo. Ngisho nezenzo zakhe ezinkulu zokuvukela zihambisana nokwazisa kanye nolwembuyiselo.

Lokhu kufakwa kwesisusa kulimaza ithonya lamaqhawe abonisayo. Izilaleli azinakuyithemba ngokugcwele imigomo eshiwo yi-hero ngoba kuhlale kunenye indawo ngaphansi. Ukulandisa kuba umdlalo wokuchaza injongo yeqiniso, okucebisa ukuma nobuntu obujulile. Uma ekugcineni inqaba ithatha isinyathelo ngokungenabugovu, kushaqisa [1] Umzuzwana wokukholisa okungasoze kwafezeka, ngenxa yokuthi iqhawe elingokwesiko liyiphuca indlela yalo emisiwe.

Izilwane Ezilwa Neqhwa Nezinhlayiya Zazo Eziwuphawu

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi ama - trope adilizwa kanjani, kuyasiza ukuhlola abalingiswa abathile abaye baba amanani angokwesiko.

Ukukhanya IYagami – Isakhiwo Esiyinkimbinkimbi Esiwubuhlakani Esakhiwa UNkulunkulu

Light Yagami ovela ku- IQue ño Lokufa liyiqembu eliphambili lokukhohlisa okungalawuleki. Uqala njengomfundi ohlakaniphile, onesithukuthezi okhubekayo ngamandla okubulala noma ubani obhala igama lakhe encwadini. Inhloso yakhe yokuqala (ukususa izigebengu) , kodwa udwendwe lulandela ukuwela kwakhe ngokushesha emdlalweni we-megalia. Isembozo Light’s hle “okhethiweyo”: uthola isipho esingaphezu kwamandla aphezulu, kodwa izenzo zakhe zembula ukuthi amandla aphelele onakaliswa ngokuphelele. Umbukeli uqala ekuqaleni engqondo yakhe, uthambekele kuphela lapho umzimba wakhe unwebeka ukuba ahlanganise izilinganiso ezingeni zakhe.

Ubuciko bokwakha kukaLight buwukuthi usebenza njengabo bobabili abaphindiseli abalungile kanye nabamelene nendaba yakhe siqu. Isiboniso simphikisa ngokumelene nomseshi ohlakaniphile uL, sidala impi yekhono lapho ukwethembeka kwezilaleli kulokhu kushintsha. Ngesikhathi uLight ememezela, “Ngiyibulungisa,” iphiko lomphindiseli olungile liye lakhutshwa ngokuphelele. Analysses of Death short divisions [ ivame ukuqokomisa indlela uchungechunge olusebenzisa ngayo izisusa zalo zobukhonya kanye nakho konke okuyingozi kwamandla okungalawulwa.

Amanxeba – Umzabalazo Waphakade Omelene Nokudalelwa

Akukho kuxoxiswa nge-aimae antiheroes okuphelele ngaphandle kukaGuts, i-Black Swordsman yaseKentaro Miura ye- Berk. Ama-Guts ahlotshaniswa nobuhlungu: azalwa nesidumbu, akhuliswe njengomkhandi, akhashelwe umuntu ayemethemba, futhi abekwe njengozingelwa ngamademoni njalo ebusuku. Izwe lakhe lingelinye lonya olungapheli, futhi ukusabela kwakhe kunobudlova obunonya. Ngokungafani neqhawe elihloniphekile elilwa inkazimulo, uGuts ngenxa yokuthi ulimi luye lwashiywa yintukuthelo kuphela. Lichitha uhambo lweqhawe elidumile ngokwenqaba noma iyiphi indlela yokuphulukisa noma ukukhanyiselwa kwendaba.

Ukungaqondi kokuziphatha kusekelwe ekuphileni. Akasona isilwane esihle, uyisilo esilimele esibhobozayo. Nokho ukulandisa kumnika ubuntu obujulile − ngesibopho sakhe esivikelayo nesokuvuleka kwakhe okusheshayo ukuze ahlangane. Izisekelo zakhe zibekela iphiko lokuhlukumezeka entweni ethanda ukudlula. Kunalokho, uGuts ufaka umqondo wokuthi ezinye izibazi azipholi, futhi ubuqhawe bungasho ukubeka unyawo olulodwa phambi kolunye ebumnyameni. Ukuhlolwa kobuntu kugcizelela indlela “isimo sakhe sokusebenzisa izidakamizwa” esiqhathakambisa ngayo izisulu ezibhekene nempini zazo, futhi ikwazi ukumelana nesimo sokuzimelana. [FLT:]

Spike Spiegel – Udwendwe Olunemithetho

Ngaphandle, iSpiegel ibhalwe [[FL:0] i-Chowboy Bebop ivela njengeqhawe elipholile elinomdlandla (a jazz-infish) elixuba iphisi lokuzingela ngezindlela ezilula nemali efileyo. Kodwa ngaphansi kwe-Spike Spirimes ilele umuntu osefile kakade ngaphakathi, ulindele isikhathi sokugcina esizonikeza injongo yokuphila kwakhe. I-Spice ichazwa ngokuthi i-heroism ayichazwanga ngokukho okubi kodwa ngokuhlukana okungokokuziphatha. Akalwi ngenxa yesizathu; uhamba emkhathini ukuze athole ukudla kwakhe okulandelayo, ugwema izithukuzo zakhe zakudala nothando lwakhe olulahlekileyo.

Ukuthathelwa kwakhe i-trope ukuthatheka kwe-praming ebaliwe. U-Spike uvela ekuhlonishweni kwe-framing. “uSheike uyisifezi” owenqaba ukusindiswa. Uma ithuba lokuphila okunokuthula, okujabulisayo livela, uhamba. Lendaba yakhela emvuthwaneni engasakwazi ukumelana nokunqoba futhi ewuphawu lokuzibulala (ukuqedwa kokufa kwakhe siqu okuhlonisiwe). Lokhu kuthambekele kuguqula uhlobo lwesiko lwesiko “impisi” ngaphakathi: esikhundleni somzuki oqalayo owazi futhi ongeke wakwazi ukuphunyuka futhi ongenakuphunyuka ekudalekeleni kwakhe okungasolwangayedwa. Umgca wakhe wokugcina “Bang!” [uyisona isimemezelo esijabulisayo kodwa isimemezelo esithule kumuntu okhetha ukuphila kwakhe siqu. Izilaleli ezihloni ezifuna ukuhlengwa yisihle, i-ochlichlan izibona ngokuzindla ngesihle.

U - Eren Yeager – Umpetha Waphenduka Umbangi

Nakuba ama-heroe amaningi alwa nohlobo oluqinile eqala ukushiyeka, u-Eren Yeager ovela [ku- u-Attack ku-Titan uthatha i-trope ukuguqulwa kwe-trope kuze kube sekugcineni kwayo: ukuguqulwa komphindiseli oziphindiselayo abe usongo lwembulunga yonke. Izinkathi zakuqala zipeyinta u-Eren njengomfana ohlotshiswe ikhanda elishisayo ozimisele ukuqothula inkululeko yabantu. Lowo mgomo uhambisana nezinhlebo zomlando wempindiselo. Kodwa njengoba indaba ihlehlela emuva ezingqimbeni zomlando futhi yembula isimo sangempela sengxabano, indlela ka-Eren iba mnyama. Ngen, wonke umkhondo wokugcina, uhlela ukuqothulwa kwesizwe sakhe, wonke igama elivikela abantu bakhe.

I-Eren iphazamisa uhambo lweqhawe ngokubonisa ukuthi intukuthelo efanayo ebangela ukuzimisela kobuqhawe ingaphumela ekuzimiseleni okukhulu. Indaba ilahla ukuxosha: izibukeli zishiyeka ukuze zivumelane nomfana abambele umbulali omkhulu. Le mithetho yokususa amaqhinga ngamabomu ibangela imibuzo engathandeki ngokuthi ubuqhawe bumane buwumbono ohlukile yini. Okukwenza ukuba i-Eren ibe isilwane esimelene nombuso kunokuba inqaba ingabi yisigebengu esiyindilinga ukuhlushwa kwakhe kwangaphakathi nokuqaphela kwakhe okubi kokuwa kwakhe siqu. Indaba yakhe ixwayisa ngokuthi umugqa ophakathi komsi nombulali unobuncane ngokuyingozi. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Izingxoxo zokuhlasela iTitan[FLT] [FLT] 1] ngokuvamile] ithola indawo ephakathi kwe-Erightast me mayelana ne-iconst procement producesss.

Ukukhanga Kwempucuko Nengqondo

Kungani izilaleli zithutheleka kubantu abazothi, nganoma yimuphi omunye umongo, baxoshelwe? Ingxenye yempendulo isendleleni eshintshayo yendaba engokwesiko. EJapane, ngemva kokuntengantenga ngokwezomnotho, ukukhathazeka kwezizukulwane, kanye nokungaqiniseki okukhulayo ngezinhlangano kubangele ukuba kube nendawo ezungezile evulekele ukubola nokungabi nalusizo. Iqhawe elivamile elisindisa umhlaba ekusebenzeni ngokungaguquki (i-quintestessrial umoya owe-ganu )) lingazizwa lingenalwazi ngesisekelo sokubola okungokwesimiso sokuziphatha. Iqhawe linikeza iphupho elihlukile: amandla okusebenza ngaphandle kokuziphatha, ngisho nasendleleni yemoto eholela ngisho nasebumnyameni.

Ngengqondo, abamelene nezenzo zabo bavumela izibukeli ukuba zihlole izifiso ezenqatshelwe ngokuphephile. Ukuhlobana nophawu olunjengo Light Yagami noma iLelouch kunikeza injabulo evusa amadlingozi yokulawula nokulawula kwengqondo, ukwanelisa izifiso umphakathi ozicindezelayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imiphumela engagwemeki yezenzo zazo isebenza njengezindaba eziwubuqaphe. Lemisebenzi emibili zenza kube yizejwayezi. Lokhu kuzenza zigqize kanye nesixwayiso sokuziphatha okunjengo Light Yagamimi noma inikeza ukumelana nokulutheka kwazo okuluzayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, incazelo eyinkimbinkimbi yalezi zinsiba ezicubuni iveza umuzwa okhubazayo womuntu abaningi owenezelwe kakhulu kodwa owedwa ngokomzwelo. Lapho iSpiegelah ngaphandle kwesiqondiso, uveza ukufica isikhala sesikhathi sanamuhla. [FLDY] [FLD] [1] i-ective progatem] eveza kahle imizwelo egcwele kakhulu ngenxa yemibili, nobuhlungu, nobuhlungu, nobuhlungu.

Ithonya Elinamandla Nokujula Kwazo

Amandla okwakha e-ayimie amelene nokunqanda ukuqina komzimba. Ukuba khona kwazo kushintsha kakhulu imishini yokulandisa. Ngeqhawe elivamile, izingxabano zingaphandle: ukunqoba umenzi wecala, ukusindisa izwe. Ukulwa okumelene nokuphazamiseka kwangaphakathi, kuguqula indaba ibe inkundla yempi engokwengqondo. Izigxobo azikho ukusinda ngokomzimba nje kuphela kodwa ubuqotho obungokokuziphatha nobungokomoya. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba kuhlolwe kakhulu.

[[FLT: 0] Ukunciphisa kuba yi-"influction" ephakathi, kodwa hhayi kalula, ngomqondo ocacile. Anti-heroe athathwe i-ragon Ball Z (oqala njengenqaba ejikayo emelene nehero) ehamba ngendlela ende, ekhubekayo ebheke ekuhlawuleleni leyo ntambo, hhayi izenzakalo. Umbuzo wokuthi bayayifanelekela yini intelekelelo ngokuvamile uhlale uvulekile, izibuko ezibekela inselele ukuchaza intethelelo. [[FLT:] [FLT:]] inye into ephindaphindwayo. Njenge-Guts noma u-Erten, yiziphi izinto ezingase zikhona, futhi zivezani ukuthi zisuke zikhona. [[FLT:]

I-Animime alwisa ihemori isebenza njengezimoto ze- cocietal critique[. Izimiso zokukhanya eziyinkimbinkimbi zesimiso sobulungisa nesijeziso sokufa. Izisebenzi ezisebenza [FLT:] i-Cowboy Bebop zihlala i-cateal commental [isimiso sokukhanya] lapho isimiso somzinzo nenkohlakalo zifake khona iziphazamiso zokuxhumana kwabantu, futhi ukunganaki kwazo kubonakalisa ukubola kwesizukulwane. Ngokubeka ukungaqondi kahle phakathi nendawo ephakathi, abadali bangahlola isimiso sokungalungisi ngaphandle kokufuna ukunikeza izintshumayezo. Izilaleli zishiywe ukuba zidwe, izimpawu zazo ezivuthiwe.

Ukuziphendukela Kweziphepho Ezilwa Nezihlobo Ezingu - 9 Eziphila Ngesikhathi Esidlule

Uhlobo olumelene nohlobo lwe-hero alukho oluqinile; luyaqhubeka luguquka njengobumfiliba obusezingeni elisha. Ngo-1990, i-antiheros ivame ukuhlanganisa ubuzwe obumangelelele obuzalwa nge-cornpank nangempi. i- 2000 iletha “impicano elula elwa nehero,” eboniswa yi-Kirito’’s chances [[FLT:] ukubanda kwayo kwasekuqaleni [[FLT:]] i-Arthn Online noma i-Hachimanga Hikigaya's egxekayo encike kakhulu eyaziwayo e [[FLT] [FLT] [i F2] ewubonisa i-Anficty [if3] ezindaweni eziningi kakhulu zomdlalo wemvelo, ijabulela iziphene zezwe elingu-Goultral. [ishf.]

Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa induduzo ebanzi yamasiko eqondene. Izilaleli zanamuhla azinathuba lokufuna ukucaca ngokokuziphatha; zifisa ukuba yinkimbinkimbi ngokokuhlakanipha nangokomzwelo. Amapulatifomu ahambayo aye asheshisa ngokwengeziwe ukusakazeka kwalezizindaba embulungeni yonke, avumela ukulandisa okumelene nokuthathelwa phambili kwezindawo ezihlukene emhlabeni wonke. Umngcele phakathi kweqhawe nezobugqila awukaze ufiphazwe kakhulu, futhi i-aimae ikho ikhomba phambili ekuhlolweni kwalokhu kulandisa. OMdali manje baxubanisa izithako ezilwayo nezici ezithathelwanayo nemisebenzi yobulili (umg., iSidlo se-Blave ku- u-BLEAD [[FLT]]]) futhi isimiso sokucindezela, ukusunduza okuphindizelayo emazweni amasha.

Uma ibheka phambili, i-hearo ingaba i-protagon enziwa ngokuyiphutha ezinhlotsheni ezithile. Uma nje izwe lisazizwa lingasanelisekile futhi lingenakho ukuziphatha okungokwesiko, abalingiswa abasebenza kompunga bayoqhubeka bebusa. Kodwa abalwa nezihlungu ezinkulu kakhulu bayohlala beyilabo abangaqedi nje kuphela ama-trope kodwa futhi abaphinde bakhe okuthile okungakhi futhi okuthembekile ezinhleneni.

Isiphetho

Ukukhula kwe-hero emelene nobunzima akuyona nje inqubo. Kusho ukushintsha okuyisisekelo endleleni izindaba ezihlangene ngayo nokuziphatha, ukuma, kanye nomqondo wobuqhawe. Ngokuchitha i-tropes edumileyo , ngokubeka ubumsulwa besimilo ngokuyekethiswa kwezimiso zokuziphatha, ukulangazelela ngokuzihlupha, kanye nezisusa ezibonisa ngokuphambanisa izinqumo zomuntu siqu, "ukuhlobana kwemidwebo" nezimpawu zobungcweti ezingaphezulu kakhulu. Izimo ezinjengo Light Yagami, Guts, Spike Spigel, no-Eren Yeager zibekela izilaleli inselele ukuba zilahle imigqomo elulayo futhi zamukele iqiniso elingemnandi lokuthi iqhawe ngokuvamile iyindaba yombono esobala. Ukuxazululanisa abantu ngenkani, uma kuphazamisa, ukulandisa.

Njengoba i-epilot iqhubeka iguquka, i-antihero izakuhlala iyinjini ebalulekile yokuhlola i-soratic, iphoqelele izibukeli ukuba zibhekane nemibuzo yesihlengo, ubulungisa, nokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba muhle ezweni eliphukile. Kulabo abazimisele ukuya empunga, amaphini amelene nempisi anikeza ezinye zezindaba ezingalibaleki kakhulu ezake zatshelwa. Amandla abo awakho ekulungeni, kodwa asemandleni abo okwenza ukuba singabaze thina.