Uchungechunge oluncane lwe-amime luye lwabangela impikiswano enkulu yefilosofi njenge Incwajana yokufa. Ngaphandle kwayo, indaba ye-Light Yagami kanye nokuthola kwakhe incwadi yezincwadi ezinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo ingeyomjovo we-jouner genre , ne-mouse phakathi komsindisi wesimo somuntu nomsekisi omkhulu kakhulu womhlaba. Kodwa ngaphansi kwe-mcubuko kusekhombazwe kuvela ngokuqondile embhalweni wesiko elikhona. Ngezinsiminye zazo, ngezinkinga zokuziphatha, nangezindlela zokukhetha ezingalungiseki, u-Diaphonsiss [[FLT:]] uLea uLeaf ukuhlolwa kwesimo somuntu esiqondwayo njengoJean-Sarmus, u-Kayniquew, u-Frience, no-Groucewn; i-ecence ayikho nje imiqondo ewumphumela yabafundi abaso, futhi ekwazi ukubukwayo, futhi ibonakale, ngokubonakala ngokuthu, ngokubonakala, ngokukhomba okukhulu, ngokuqondakala kwezenzo

Ukuba Khona Kwakho: Ukubukeza Okufushane

Ubukho befilosofi obubeka okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ekuphileni esikhungweni sokubuza. Kuvela ekuqapheleni ukuthi indawo yonke ayinayo incazelo enqunyiwe, ukuthi ukuba khona kwabantu kwandulela isisekelo, nokuthi abantu bakhululeke kakhulu ukuzichaza ngokwabo ngezinqumo zabo. Izinto zokuqala ezifana ne-Søren Kierkegaard ezigcizelela usizi lwesinqumo somuntu siqu lapho ebhekene nokungaqiniseki, nakuba ukumemezela kukaFriedrich Nietzer ngokufa kukaNkulunkulu kwaqeda isisekelo sokuziphatha okuhle. Ngekhulu lama-20, iSarre systemitate leziziqondiso, iveza ukuthi “siyakhululwa” futhi sinomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu ngamunye ngenxa yokuba yi-a. Nakuba i-Albertum, nakuba ihlelwe ngokwehlukene, inhloso yenhloso yethu phakathi nendawo ephelele.[[5]

Ingxenye Ebonisa Ukuthi Kunenkolelo Ekhona Ekufeni

Kusukela enkathini e-Light Yagami ithatha i-Death Nott, izwe lakhe liphucwe izintethe eziduduzayo zokuziphatha okumukelwayo. Incwajana ayiveli nencwadi echaza ubulungisa; inikeza amandla omshini kuphela − bhala igama, futhi lowo muntu uyafa. Zonke izenzo ezilandelayo zisuka ekudalweni kwezimiso zokukhanya. Lokhu kungokobukhona okulandiswayo: umlandeli wezinto zakudala obhekene nezeze lapho kumelwe asungule khona umthetho wakhe siqu. Lo chungechunge luyithatha ngokucophelela imiphumela yaleyonto, lwembula kokubili ukuvela kwezimiso zomthetho nokwesabisayo.

Ukubaluleka Kwenkululeko Ephakeme

Isisekelo sikaSartre sithi “ukwandulela isiqu somuntu” kusho ukuthi akukho mvelo emisiwe, akukho pulani yaphezulu enquma injongo yethu. Siphonswa, futhi ngemva kwalokho sizichaza ngokwalokho esikwenzayo, futhi senza kanjalo, uLight Yagami ungumfanekiso ophelele. Phambi kwencwadi, ungumfundi ohlakaniphile kodwa onesithukuthezi wesikole esiphakeme, ochazwa ngamamaki aphezulu nomqondo ongacacile ukuthi izwe libolile. Ukufa kumnika amandla okwenza ngokuvumelana nalowomzwelo, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, ubhekene nobukhulu obuphelele benkululeko ekhona. Ukubulala nganoma isiphi isiko esizikhethelayo ukuthi ungubani. Akayena unkulunkulu wendalo; uzama ukufinyelela omunye uchungechunge lwezenzo zemvelo.

Kodwa lenkululeko iyamcoboza. Ukukhanya kusheshe kuqaphele ukuthi ukuyeka ukubulala kungaba ukuvuma ukuthi wonke umsebenzi wakhe wawuwukukhetha, ukuthi “izwe elisha” ucabanga ukuthi limane liyicebo lakhe. Ukukhathazeka uKierkegaard okuchazwa ngokuthi“isiphazamiso senkululeko” kuyamthinta: ukuqaphela ukuthi akukho lutho ngaphandle kwentando yakhe oluqinisekisa izenzo zakhe. Kunokuba kuhlehlise, uKwehla, ukwamukela umthwalo futhi kwakha umbono oyinkimbinkimbi wokuthethelela ukubulala kwakhe. Lena indlela ekhona yokuzimela indalo, kodwa ithwele isithunzi. USartre wabhala ukuthi ngokuzikhethela thina, sikhetha sonke isintu; sikhetha umfanekiso womuntu wonke. Ukukhanya kuyizwe lapho umthetho onamandla engazikhulula khona abantu.

Ukuba Neqiniso Nokholo Olubi

Imfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuziphatheni okungokobukho iwumehluko phakathi kokuphila ngokuqiniseka, − ukubeka inkululeko nomthwalo − nokuwela enkolweni embi (mauise foi), isimo sokuzishaya umuntu ngokwakhe lapho ezenza okhululekile. Unkulunkulu wokukhanya angafundwa njengesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokholo olubi. Uzitshela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi ‘ ungubulungisa,” ukuthi wenza okuhle, ukuthi akanakuzikhethela ngoba izwe lifuna umsindisi. Lokhu kuphika inkululeko yakhe. Uzenza njengokungathi uma ethunywe nguye, kunokuba akhethe. Lokhu kukhetha ukuthi uyakwazi ukukhohlisa. Lokhu kuyaziqhatha: uyakwazi ukuphatha into enqunywe ngaphandle kwekhono.

Ngokuphambene, uL, umseshi odumile wezwe, uveza ubuhlobo obudidayo nobuyiqiniso. L uyazi ukuthi ukuphishekela kwakhe iKira kuwumsebenzi womuntu siqu, oshukunyiswa ilukuluku lokwazi nokuziqhenya njengesifiso sobulungisa. Akalokothi athi ungumkhulumeli weqiniso eliphelele, futhi ukwethembeka kwakhe okungalawuleki okungalawulekiyo, futhi uhlala engagqoke izicathulo. Udla amaswidi ngokungenangqondo, uveza ngokuphandle ukuthi uyakwazi ukuhoxa kwakhe. UKlowle akakwenzi izaba zezindlela zakhe, futhi ngalowomqondo, uphila eduze nesifiso sokuzimela okungenakuphikiswa. Nokho, uyakwazi ukudla amahlanhlombe ngokungenamfa, uveza obala ngokuvikela ngokuvikela kwakhe okungeyikho. Ukufa kwakhe okulungile.

Igalelo Lokunye Nokuthi Ungubani

Ubukhona be-livential bugcizelela ukuthi umuzwa wethu womuntu siqu uklanywe ekuxabaneni nabanye. Umqondo kaSartre we- “maiiape” uthatha indlela okunye okusiqinisa ngayo, usiguqule esimweni esikhululekile sibe yinto echazwayo. Konke okunamandla phakathi kokukhanya no-L kuyimpi yokubuka. Ngamunye uzama ukuveza ukuthi u-Iak Yagami u-Kira,” ezama ukukhumula Ukukhanya kwesifihla - buso, kuyilapho uKwelu luzama ukubhubhisa umuntu obona ngombono wakhe wokuhlonipha uNkulunkulu. Imfanelo yabo ayiyona nje ihlakani kodwa ingeyo ekwazini kodwa ilwiwasekulawuleni ukulandisa komuntu ocabanga ukuthi ungumuntu, futhi uyithuluzi nje.

Ukuziwa kokukhanya kuba okuncike kakhulu ekuqapheleni abanye. Ufisa ukukhulekelwa; udinga izwe ukuba limqaphele njengonkulunkulu. Lokhu kuyisicupho esikhona sokuphila kwenye indawo .Nkulutheka ihhliswa yinkululeko yangaphandle engasoze yaphelela. Uma ukuwohloka kobunkulunkulu kuxhomeke ekuqhubekeni kwakhe, kupheleli phambili, futhi ulwelwelwe ekubeni umuntu owesabayo. Ukwehla kokukhanya kubonakalisa ukuhluleka kokusekela umsebenzi wobuqaba.

Iqhawe Elinethonya Nesifiso Sokubusa

Light Yagami ivame ukuqhathaniswa ne-‘‘s Xanah’ufuna, ’ uNietzsche, umboni odale izindinganiso zakhe siqu ngaphandle kokuhle nokubi okuvamile. Ngokufanayo, phezulu, kunamandla: Ukukhanya kulahla“ ukuziphatha kwezigqila” komphakathi ovikela izigebengu, futhi ubeka ithebula elisha lezindinganiso ngenkani yentando yentando. Nokho, ukufunda okujulile kusikisela ukuthi uhluleka ukwenza okuhle. UNietzezezezezsch ufaka ukuvuka kwaphakade, futhi umelene nomqondo wokuphila komuntu futhi ngokufana kanye nokweqiniso. Ukukhanya, kushukunyiswa ukwesaba okunenjongo okungenanjongo, kodwa nesidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthethelela ukuphila kwakhe. Akasoze akuqiniseki ukuphila kwakhe njengoba kunjalo; uzama ukuzama ukukuphishekela, “ukuphila kwakhe okungaphelele. ”

Iqhawe elingenangqondo lika-Albert Camus linikeza ilens efanelekayo. Inganekwane kaSisyphus, uCamus uphikisa ngokuthi kumelwe sicabange ukuthi uSisyshus uyajabula, naphezu komsebenzi wakhe ongapheli, oyize wokujikijela igquma lentaba. Iqhawe elingenangqondo liyavuma ukuntula injongo yendawo yonke kodwa liqhubeke lisebenza ngokuthembisa okugcwele nangokuvukela. Ngokungafani, ukukhanya, inqaba ukwamukela imfihlakalo. Ifuna incazelo, izwe eliphelele, futhi izimisele ukuqothula noma ubani osola leyo phupho. Ukuvukela kwakhe akumelene neqiniso kodwa akulwi noqobo kodwa kungenayo. Ngokuyisisekelo, ukukhanya kwamukele ukuwohloka kokuphila komuntu kanye nemingcele yakhe, angathola indlela ehlukile.

Ukufa, Ukuphelelwa Yithemba Nenjongo Yokuphila

Ukufa kuwumkhathi ongapheli wokufa [ Ingosi yokufa , futhi ifilosofi engokwesayensi engokwesayensi engokwesayensi isekela ukuthi ukuphikisana okuqotho nokufa kubalulekile ekuphileni okuqinisekile. UMartin Heidegger wachaza ukuba khona komuntu ngokuthi “ukuya ekufeni,” ephikisa ukuthi ukuqaphela kwethu ukufana kungasihlupha ekunganakini kwansuku zonke futhi kusenze sibe nesimo esiqotho kakhulu. Ukufa kunikeza lombono: kunikeza amandla okunquma kahle ukuthi abanye bazakufa nini futhi kanjani, kuphoqelele kokubili ababulali nezisulu ukuba babhekane nokufa ngokucace kakhulu.

Ishinigami Ryuk, efaka incwadi yezincwadi kubantu ngenxa yesithukuthezi, ihlanganisa ukuguquguquka okungavamile kwesihloko. Njengesidalwa esingafi, uRyuk ufile, akakwazi ukuphuthuma ukuthi ukufa kuletha ukuphila komuntu. Uphawula idrama yokukhanya okunenjabulo ekhululekile, umzabalazo womuntu ngenjongo yokuthi akasoze ahlanganyela ngempela. Isenzo sokugcina sikaRyuk, igama lokukhanya encwadini yakhe, qhabus sikhumbuza ukuthi ukufa kuyinto eyodwa engaphunyuki. Inikeza isiphetho esikhona: Akubalulekile ukuthi umsebenzi owenziwe ngokwakhe ungenzanga lutho olufanayo.

I - Vacuum Yokuziphatha Nendalo Yezindinganiso

Kulelizwe elingenawo ummisi-mthetho waphezulu, isiphi isisekelo sokuziphatha? Lombuzo uzwakala phakathi kochungechunge njengoba iLung lisebenzisa isimiso sakhe sokuziphatha kusukela ekucandeni. Umemezela ukuthi ubulungisa kuwukuqedwa kwezigebengu, kodwa lencazelo imane iyisiqalo sakhe, isekelwe kuphela emandleni akhe okuziphoqelela. U-Dostoevsky odumile, “Uma yonke into ingekho, ivunyelwe,” uthola umfanekiso ophazamisayo ezenzweni zoKwesibani. Ngaphandle kwehange, izindinganiso ezingaphezulu, ziba izakhiwo zabantu, futhi umakhi ononya kakhulu angaphoqelela intando yakhe kwabanye.

Kodwa uchungechunge luyiveza ngokuqondisisa lesikhundla. Ukubusa kokukhanya kuwela ngokushesha ebudloveni obungenazinhloso; akabulali nje kuphela abagebezeli kodwa futhi nabantu abangenacala abasongela imfihlo yakhe, kuhlanganise namanxusa e-FBI kanye nezinhlangano ezihlangene. Umngcele phakathi “ubulungisa” nokuzifaka komuntu ngokwakhe ufiphaza kuze kunyamalale. Lokhu kubonakalisa isixwayiso esikhona esiwumbukwane sokuthi inkululeko engenacala inamandla abhubhisayo. Indalo eqinisekile, uSartre, kumelwe ukuba ikwazi ukunikeza i-equator [1] Kumelwe ukuba ikwazi ukuveza zonke izinyathelo zakhe. Ukukhanya kuhluleka kakhulu ukumelana nalokhu kuhlola, njengoba izwe lakhe lingaba yisixwayiso esisabekayo kunoma ubani obheka iqiniso, inqubo efanelekile, noma isithunzi esilula.

Ukuba Khona Kwezinto Ngezimpawu Ezivamile

Nakuba uLight noL bebusa isigaba sefilosofi, ukusekela kuqinisa ukuhlola. UMisa Amane, ozuza ingosi yakhe siqu yokufa futhi abe ngumngane ozinikele weLight, uphila ukuphila okunobuhlanya obukhulu. Udela inkululeko yakhe ngokuphelele ekukhanyeni, azichaza kuphela ngothando lwakhe ngaye futhi azimisele ukubulala ngegama lakhe. Uma ekhuluma ngomuntu okhona, ungumuntu ofana nowenkolo embi, uzibheka njengento enqunywe enye. Ukuzimisela kwakhe ukuveza ukuphila kwakhe ngokuphindiwe kabili ngenxa yamehlo eShinami.

UTeru Mimi, umshushisi oshisekayo oba umbhuculi ka Kira womphakathi, umelela okunye ukuhlanekezelwa kwenkululeko ekhona. Mikami ukholelwa ukuthi ukhetha ubulungisa ngokuzibusa, kodwa eqinisweni umane wamukela isimiso sokubaluleka kokukhanya njengesimiso esiphelele. Ubuntu bakhe obuqinile, obuguquguqukayo bembula indlela ukuziphatha okuzidalwe ngokwakhe okungaba ngayo ijele njenganoma iyiphi imfundiso yangaphandle. Uma ekugcineni ehluleka ukuhluleka ukukhomba uKlo, ukuwohloka kwakhe kubonisa ukuthi konke ukukhomba kwakhe kwakhiwe esisekelweni esibolekile.

Abathatheli besikhathi, abaseduze noMello, baqeda isilinganiso. I-Mello ihlanganisa inkululeko engaqinile, yokuzidla, ukuthatha izingozi, ukwephula imithetho, nokuphila kanzima kakhulu, kodwa ekugcineni izenzo zakhe ziyisicelo sokufuna ukuqashelwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eduze, ihlala ikhululekile futhi ingenaluzwela, ingqapheli epholile esebenza cishe njengendoda ephilayo, ihlanganisa izingxenyana zecala ukuze idalule iqiniso. Ukunqoba kwayo kokugcina akuwona umbhishoshoshosho owe ngokomthetho kodwa ukwamukelwa okunengqondo ukuthi umdlalo usudlulile futhi iqiniso selichaziwe.

Inhlekelele: Ukubhekana Nemingcele Yokuzidalela

Isiphelo seKlobe Yagami siyisiqalo esiphambili senhlekelele ekhona. Kulo lonke loluchungechunge, usebenza ngaphansi kokukhohlisa kokuthi intando yakhe iyodwa ingasekela uhlelo lwakhe lwezwe elisha. Ulawula, alinganise, futhi asuse izithiyo ngesibindi esimangalisayo. Nokho zona kanye izidingo zomuntu azama ukudlula `wibris, isifiso sokuqaphela, ukwesaba ukukhohlwa . Ukuwa kwakhe akubangelwa ukuqondisa okukodwa kodwa imingcele engokwemvelo yokuzama ukuba unkulunkulu kuyilapho ehlala engumuntu ofayo.

Esenzeka sokugcina, lapho uKwembulwa futhi kulimala, ukunxusa kwakhe nokucabanga okungakholeki kususa umuntu owesaba uNkulunkulu, odalula umuntu owesabekayo. Leli iqiniso elikhona uSartre elichazwe: Asikho isikhobo esimweni somuntu. Sikhululekile, kodwa inkululeko isetshenziswa phakathi kwemingcele yokungajabulisi, ukuhluleka, nokubheka okungagwemeki kwabanye. Ukwehluleka kokukhanya akukona ukuthi wenza iphutha, kodwa ukuthi wayekholelwa ukuthi angasula lemingcele ngenkani egcwele iqholo. Loluchungechunge luphela ngesifundo sokunqoba kodwa ngokuthula kokuhleka okuseduze nokudumazayo kweRyuk.

Isiphetho: Ukufa Phawula njengomfanekiso Obonisa Ukuba Khona Kwabantu

Isaziso sokufa asibekezeli nje ngenxa yecebo laso eliyinkimbinkimbi noma ubuchule bokuzilawula, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi siphakamisa imibuzo eye yakhathaza ifilosofi amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Ngokwanda nokuwa koLight Yagami, uchungechunge luveza ukucaciswa kwenkululeko ephelele, ubuhlungu bencazelo ezenzekele, nobuso obungenakugwenywa ukufa. Alufuni ukunikeza izimpendulo ezilula, kushiye izilaleli zimelane nendida efanayo neprotagon. Kulokho kwenqaba, luveza imizwelo ejulile yombono okhona: ukugqolozela ejuqu ngaphandle ngaphandle kokuzingela nokuqonda ukuthi umthwalo wemfanelo wokusho okusekelwe emahlombe ethu.

Amakhiye Okuthatha Izindawo

  • Ukuba khona kwale nkolelo kugxile enkululekweni ewujuqu, umthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu, nokwakhiwa kwencazelo endaweni yonke engenanjongo.
  • Uhambo lukaLight Yagami lubonisa kokubili amandla nengozi yenkululeko ephelele, okuphumela ekubeni umuntu aphume ekuzibulaleni engekho.
  • Umqondo wokholo olubi uhlanganisa loluchungechunge, njengoba abalingiswa bezikhohlisa ngezisusa zabo zangempela nemithwalo yabo yemfanelo.
  • Ukubuka kwenye, njengoba yasungulwa uSartre, kwakha impi eyinhloko phakathi koLight noL njengempi yokulwela ukubonakala.
  • Ukufa kusebenza njengomkhathi oyinhloko oyinhloko, kususa inkohliso futhi kwembule imingcele yamandla omuntu nokuzilibazisa.
  • Ukuhlola abalingiswa abalandelayo kwembula izinhlobonhlobo zokusabela esimweni esikhona, kusukela ekuhluleleni ngokuphelele inkululeko (iMisa) kuya ekwamukelweni ngokuphelele (Near).