Izwe esihlala kulo namuhla liwumphumela weminyaka eyinkulungwane yemizamo yabantu, izingxabano, kanye nokusungulwa kwezinto. Inkathi ngayinye yashiya uphawu olungenakucimeka, inezela endwangwini eyinkimbinkimbi yempucuko. Kunokuhlanganisa iqoqo lezinsuku, umlando uhlala ezinhlanganweni zethu, ubuchwepheshe bethu, ngisho nasebucikweni bethu siqu. Loluhambo luhlola izenzakalo ezibalulekile ezakha izwe lanamuhla futhi zaguqula ukubonakala kwegama lakho siqu.

Impucuko Yasendulo: Isisekelo Senhlangano

Kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba imibuso isakazeke amazwekazi, imiphakathi yokuqala eyinkimbinkimbi yavela ezigodini zemifula ezivundile zase-Mesopotamia, eGibithe, e-Indus, naseChina. Ngaphakathi kuka-4500 BCE, iziSumerias[ zaseningizimu yeMesopotamia yakha amadolobha okuqala, njengeUruk ne-Uri. Ukusungula kwazo okuhlala njalo kwakuyisiqalo se- i-Crinec[[FLT] cishe 3] BCE, isimiso sokubhala esiqinile esivumela ukugcinwa kwemibhalo engu-62, imithetho engokomthetho, nezincwadi. [[FLT]] i-Eyrobo yase-Grackalkalsh [[FLC] ebanzi.[FLD]

Ngasentshonalanga, ama-Egypt [[FLT: 0] asebenzisa izikhukhula zeNayile eziqinisekile ukuze akhe umbuso ozinzile. Pyramids kaGiza, eyakhiwe ezungezeni lama-2500 BCE, ihlala isekela ulwazi lwayo lwezakhiwo, izibalo, nenhlangano yemisebenzi ephakathi. I-hieroglyphics yahlobisa izindonga zethempeli, imemezela isikhundla saphezulu sika-faroa nokwenza imicikilisho ehlanganisa izwe. Ngalesosikhathi, i-Intus Valley [FLD:5] [c] (c66],1,1,1) yasebenzisa ukuhlelwa okuphambili emadolobheni njengasemoba, futhi i-Harroppad, futhi i-eding, i-engile, i-octivesting.[Foctives] i-octives.[Fov]

EMpumalanga Asia, uhlanga lwamakhosi [1010]-1046 BCE) lwasungula ukwenziwa kwebronze, uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi, nokubhalwa kwakuqala kwamaShayina emathanjeni omboniso. Uhlanga lwenkosi lwasungula “usuku lwamaDay of Heare,” ifilosofi eyahlanganisa igunya lombusi lokubusa nje (umqondo owenziwe ngomlando waseChina futhi usazwakala ngomqondo wezombangazwe namuhla. Lempucuko yatshala imbewu yezohwebo, umthetho, nempucuko eyayizosakazekela emazwekazini.

Inkathi Yasendulo: Ifilosofi Nobubusi

Uma sicabanga ngesisekelo sengxoxo yaseNtshonalanga, idolobhana lamazwe eGreece yasendulo likhula ngokushesha. E-Athene phakathi nekhulu lesi-5 nelesi-4 BCE, Shoctrate uAristolet [ wabuza ngengxoxo engokwesiko, Plato[[FLT] Plato] [icebo] [i-FLT] [ikhulu] [indlela] elingcono lokulawula ifilosofi yaseNtshonalanga [ithonya] [indlela] [indlela] engcono kakhulu] [izinto zobuSuluthe, kodwa futhi ithonyazwe lenguquko e-Athene, nakuba [FLT] ilinganiselwe ezakhamuzini lezena, kamuva i-ALTrome, i-ocentist progation.

Entshonalanga, idolobhana eliseTiber lakhula laba yiRiphabliki yaseRoman, esukela ku-509 BCE yalungisa umthetho-siseko oxubile onezinhlomo nezilinganiso phakathi kwe-consulver, iSigele, nemihlangano ethandwayo. Isimiso sayo somthetho ("ecaprapractures [engumthetho]) kumaThameters ayishumi nambili", i-Emphasemgathene nempahla yangasese, izimiso ezisezinzile ezisemisweni eziningi ezingokomthetho. IRiphabliki ekugcineni yaguqukela embusweni ngaphansi kuka-Ausstom ngaphansi kwe- IPax [FLT] [FLD] [2] [2] [2] [2] (27] Inkathi ephakathi kwe-Cexcen, futhi ivumela imiqondo eliphakathi lezentengo, futhi i-ezobuchwepheshe bevela kulo, iBrithani, futhi i-Melikathoni, yayizohlanganisa nakuhlanganisa i-unt.

Ukunqoba kuka-Alexander Omkhulu (336-323 BCE) kwase kuhlangene kanye nezwe elikhulu iHellennic, kuhlanganisa ulimi lwamaGreki nempucuko neGibithe, amaPheresiya, namaNdiya. Umtapo we-Aleksandriya waba yisici esibonisa ulwazi, nesayensi, izibalo, kanye nobuciko obungaphumelela kuyo, kungasinda kuse-Islam Golden Age. Ngakho i-Classical Era yanika ifa lokubuza ulwazi olunzulu nenhlangano yezombangazwe ehlala ikhona ekuphileni kwanamuhla.

INkathi Ephakathi: Ukushintsha Nokuguqula

Ukubekwa kombusi waseNtshonalanga weRoma wokugcina ngo 476 CE kuphawulwe ngokwesiko njengesiqalo seNkathi Ephakathi. Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela, iYurophu yahlukana yaba yimibuso ehlukene yemibuso yamaJalimane, kuyilapho ingxenye esempumalanga yombuso [1] Byzantium(ekhuthazele eminye iminyaka eyinkulungwane. FUDALIS yavela njengesimiso esihloniphekile lapho amakhosi anikela khona izwe nesivikelo ukuze aphinde asebenzele inkonzo yempi nemisebenzi, kwakha umphakathi owenziwe ngomphakathi owenani elikhulu.

Inkolo yaba amandla ahlanganisayo ngemva kokuba uMbusi uConstantine enikeze umthetho weMilan (313 CE) ukuvumela ubuKristu. AmaMonaster alondoloza imibhalo yakudala, futhi iSonto lalungisa imfundo, ubuciko, nezombangazwe. amaCrusades[ [1095-1291]), aqala ngesinqumo sikapapa sokukhulula iJerusalema, avula izindlela ezintsha zokuhweba futhi adlulisele ulwazi eYurophu, kuhlanganise nentuthuko yezibalo, yezokwelapha, nefilosofi. Ukuxhumana nempucuko ephambili yama-Ababas Calipdabas kwasiza ukuvuselisa ingqondo eyayizothuthukisa inguquko kamuva.

Kodwa izwe lenkathi ephakathi laliphawulwe futhi ngenhlekelele. Ukufa okumnyama , okwafinyelela e-Europe phakathi kuka-1347 no 1351, kwabulala abantu abalinganiselwa ku-30-60%. kuqeda ukuswelakala kwemisebenzi [ abalimi abanamandla, ababuthakathaka, futhi bahlwanyela imbewu yokuguqula kwezomnotho. Izindawo zonke zanyamalala, kodwa zathi zinjalo zakudala, kwavumela izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza nokubuza ezinye izindlela ngegunya ukuba zithathe impande.

Inkathi Yenguquko: Ukuzalwa Kwemibono

Kusukela ku-14thnucentury Italy, u-Retaissance wabangelwa ukubuye utholakale kwemibhalo yakudala kanye nokuqhuma kwekhono lobuciko nelesayensi. Lisardo da Vinci[[FLT:] uvezwa ngenhloso yeNkathi Yenguquko: i-polymath edwebe imidwebo yayo, imishini endizayo, kanye nobuciko obufana no [[FLT:] [[FLT:] Mayona Lisa[FLT:]] [5] ufaka umboniso we-mperethi. [FLT] [FLT:] [5] [5] [iFLT] [5] [impells .] [impells .[FLT]]

Ngokuvumelana nempumelelo yobuciko, inguquko yesayensi ngokuyisisekelo yaguqula ukuqonda kwesintu indawo yaso endaweni. Copernicus yabekela i-demon ye-genetics ngokubeka ilanga phakathi kwesimiso selanga, ne[FLT:] Gelilei yasebenzisa isibonakude ukunikeza ubufakazi obungagcina emakhulwini eminyaka enziwa yimfundiso. , eyasungulwa nguJohannesberg malunga no 1440, mhlawumbe inguquko enkulu kakhulu yenkathi yezincwadi ezikhona.[FLT]

Umoya ofanayo wesibindi waqhubekisela phambili i- ye-Explorence . Abahambi bamaPutukezi nama-Spanishi abanjengoVasco da Gama noChristopher Columbus bavula imikhondo yasolwandle eya e-Asia nase-Melika, baqala ukuhwebelana kwezitshalo, izilwane, izifo, namasiko. LeColumbia Exchange yashintsha kakhulu imbulunga nezomnotho emhlabeni wonke, ibeka isisekelo sembulunga ehlangene esiyaziyo namuhla.

Inkathi Yokukhanyiselwa: Ukuqonda Nenguquko

I- yekhulu leshumi elinesibhozo isekela ukuqondisisa ukusekela okusekelwe ekuboneni nengqondo, isayensi, namalungelo abantu ngasese nasemagunyeni aphelele. Abacabangi bahlangana emasalon nasezindaweni zokudlela ukuze baphikisane ngefilosofi yezombangazwe. [[[FLT:]] John Locke waphikisa ukuthi ohulumeni bathola amandla abo alungile emvumeni yababusi futhi banikwe amalungelo ayisisekelo ekuphileni, inkululeko, kanye nempahla ethonya ngokuqondile iSivumelo seNguquko yezombangazwe saseMelika. [[FLT] [[FLT]] [FLT]

Lemibono yaqala ukusebenza emazwekazini amabili. Inguquko yaseMelika (1775-1783) yakwazi ukumisa irepublic yomthetho-sisekelo, ifakazela ukuthi ikoloni linganqoba umbuso futhi ukubusa kungasekelwa emthethweni obhaliwe. [[FLT:] Inguquko yase France [179] [17] [17]) yayinamandla amakhulu, ukuqeda umbuso, ukuqeda amalungelo empikiswayo, nokumemezela amalungelo ombuso womhlaba wonke womuntu, futhi ekugcineni anyukela ekwandeni kwesa uvalo futhi ekugcineni embusweni ka-Napoleon. Ifa layo, nakuba, izimiso zokuvukela kweze eYurophu naseLatin America.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ushintsho olunamandla kakhulu lwabonakala buthule eBrithani: iNguquko ye-Induspital. Imishini elawulwa yisitimu ethathelwa indawo yimisipha, amafektha agcwele umsebenzi, namadolobha yanda. I-jonny ejikelezayo, amandla asebenza, nenjini yesitimu ayizange yandise nje kuphela umkhiqizo kodwa futhi yasusa nokuphila kwasemaphandleni. Izwe lalingene enkathini yentuthuko engenakulinganiswa nentuthuko yezinto ezibonakalayo, ehambisana nenguquko ejulile yezenhlalo kanye nokuzalwa kwemibono emisha yezombangazwe, kusukela kuSaysoshiyalizimu kuya kumbuso wobuzwe, okungachaza ukufika kwamakhulu eminyaka.

Ikhulu Lama - 20: Ukungqubuzana Noshintsho

Alikho ikhulu leminyaka elabona ukubhubhisa nokusungula okunjalo. IMpi Yezwe I (1914-1918]) yachitha uhlelo lwakudala, yaletha imibuso emine futhi yasungula izimpi zezemisebenzi ngezikhali, izinqola zempi, nezikhali zamakhemikhali. [ISivumelwano seSivumelwano seSivumelwano seSizahlulelo seSikhathi sezwe nesiphithiphithiphithiphithiphithi sezomnotho esalandela sabangela ukucasuka komsindo futhi sasiza ekuvuseleni Impi ye II [[FLT] [[3] [1945] [1945]). Lezompi zangenzeka, [[FLT:] ezishazafa kakhulu] emlandweni wesintu womuntu [[FLC], zahlanganisa izishayisa ezisabekayo zokuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuqala kwezikhali ze-uthomu.[10]

Izinkinga zezomnotho zashiya izibazi ezinkulu. Ukucindezeleka Okukhulu okwaqala ngo-1929 ukucekela phansi kwezindlela zokuphila emhlabeni wonke, ukugxeka i-laisezłfaire shoboralism nokubangela ukuphakama kwezimiso zezenhlalakahle nezokungenela. Ekuvuselweni kwayo, abaholi bobushiqela abathembise ukuhleleka nokuvuselelwa kwesizwe, okwaholela ekunyukeni kwefascism eYurophu nasempini eJapane. Ukunqoba okuhlangene ngo 1945 kwaholela ekusungulweni kweZizwe ezihlangene, umzamo wokuvimbela izingxabano zembulunga yonke, kanye nokuhlanganisa umbiko wenani elizimele wezindinganiso zomphakathi ngo-1948.

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zalungisa kabusha imiphakathi ngaphakathi. ICivil Rights Movement eUnited States, iholwa yizibalo ezinjengoMartin Luther King Jr., yachitha ukuhlukaniswa okungokomthetho ngokubhikisha okungenabudlova nangomthetho wengqopha - mlando. Ukulwela okufanayo ukulingana kwezinhlanga, amalungelo abesifazane, nokususa imingcele yaguqula izizwe eziningi njengemibuso yaseYurophu yashabalala. Ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, i-Internet yaqala ukuxhumanisa abantu ngezindlela ezingacabangeki ngaphambili, ibeka isigaba sezwe elithuthukisiwe ngempela.

Inkathi Yesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nobuchwepheshe

Isisekelo se-internet yanamuhla sabekwa kuma-1960 njenge systry yezempi nemfundo, kodwa kwakuyintuthuko ye-World Wide Web ngo-1990 eyayifaka kuyo yonke indlu nephakethe. I-Email, imishini yokuhlola, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nocingo luye lwawohloka, lwashintsha indlela esisebenza ngayo, isitolo, futhi sixhumene. Namuhla, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyisihlanu basebenza kuyi-inthanethinethi ye-GDP, futhi umnotho wezemishini uqhube imbulunga yonke.

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwanda ngezivumelwano zezohwebo nangezinhlangano ezinjengeNhlangano yeZwe Yezohwebo, kwabangela ukuncitshiswa kwezomnotho. Amaketanga okuphakamisa manje anwebeka emazwekazini, futhi ukuvinjelwa kwefektri kwelinye izwe kungagcwala kuyo yonke iplanethi. Nakuba izigidi zezigidi ziye zasuswa ebumpofwini, amabutho afanayo futhi aye abangela ukuthatheka kwemisebenzi kanye nokungezwani kwamasiko. I-COVID . Ubhaday. ngo-202020 ubhadane lwesifo sempilo lungaba yinhlekelele yembulunga yonke, kugcizelela ukuwohloka kwethu kwezomnotho.

Mhlawumbe inselele ephuthuma kakhulu yenkathi yamanje ushintsho olusheshayo ushintsho olunzima . Ukushisa izinto zakudala kusukela ekushiseni kweNguquko Yezemboni kuye kwaphakamisa i-carbon dioxide engabonakali emazingeni ezinto ezikude eminyakeni eyizigidi, ukufudumeza iplanethi kanye nokuqinisa isimo sezulu. Imizamo yomhlaba wonke enjenge-Paris Agreement izama ukuhlanganisa umsebenzi, kodwa intuthuko ihlala inzima. Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amakhambiza avuseleli, izimoto zikagesi, ikharbon, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuxhomeke ekufuneni intando yezombangazwe nasembulungeni yonke. Izinqumo ezenziwa kulesizukulwane ziyo ziyoguqula ifa lezwe.

Isiphetho: Uhambo Oluqhubekayo Lomlando

Umlando awuyona indawo ekude, esendaweni ebanzi yama-arthefact; umfula ohambayo ophethe manje. Ilungelo ngalinye elingokomthetho, isiqephu ngasinye sobuchwepheshe, noma yiliphi iliphi icebo lobuchwepheshe, noma yiliphi iliphi icebo lobuzwe elikhona liye lalotshwa yizenzakalo ezandulela thina. I-cuneiform yadwetshwa ngezibhebhe zobumba, izimpikiswano zefilosofi ezisemaqeleni ase-Athene, idolobhana elimnyama lokubulala elenza izomnotho saseYurophu, inguquko eyabangela inkululeko (hlls) engene kumuntu okhona namuhla.

Igama lakho liyi-palthee ephilayo, ukuvumelana okuthulile kwamakhulu eminyaka okulwela kwabantu. Ngokuqonda amandla alolonga izwe lethu, asitholi nje ibalazwe lesikhathi esidlule kuphela kodwa nekhampasi yesikhathi esizayo. Izinselele zokushintsha kwembulunga, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokuhlukana kwezenhlalo zinkulu, kodwa umlando usikhumbuza ukuthi isintu siye sashintsha kakhulu ngaphambili. Kuleyondaba ende, ngamunye wethu udlala ingxenye. Ukukhetha kwakho, izwi lakho, liyoba ingxenye yesikhathi esizayo esizofunda ngaso usuku olulodwa.