Kusukela ezindlovukazini ezimbi zezindaba ezihlekisayo kuya kubantu abanamandla amangalisayo bezithombe zamabhayisikobho zanamuhla, amakhohlane aneziphazamiso eziyingqayizivele ezisengqondweni yabantu. Abasona nje izithiyo zamaqhawe okuzinqoba; bayizibuko ezibonisa izinkathazo ezinamandla kakhulu zomphakathi namafasitela ezisezingeni elidida kakhulu lokusebenza kwengqondo yabantu. Ukuqonda umenzi wobubi ukubuza imibuzo engajabulisi mayelana nekhono lethu lonya, ukungasheki kwemingcele yokuziphatha, kanye nencazelo yangempela yenkululeko. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ifilosofi, ulwazi lokulandisa okubangela ukuba iphikiswane kakhulu ngabathathi bengqondo babantu.

Isimo Sobubi: Impikiswano Ewubuciko

Izazi zefilosofi emakhulwini eminyaka ziye zaphikisana nemvelaphi, imvelo, kanye nobukhona bazo. Ingabe amandla asebenzayo, ukungabikho, noma igama elisetshenziswayo ekukhetheni okusimangaza? Indlela ongqondongqondo abaye bayiphendula ngayo lemibuzo ilolo hlobo lokwakha nokuchaza amaphutha ngenganekwane nangokuphila.

Plato nokungabikho kolwazi lweziNkathi ezinhle — Engxoxweni yobuSokrati, ububi abuvamile ukuthatha ububi ngamabomu ngenxa yalo. UPlato waphikisa ngokuthi abantu ngaso sonke isikhathi balwela lokho abakubheka njengokulungile; ukwenza okubi kubangelwa ukuntula ulwazi noma ukuqonda okuhle okusontekile. Umashiqela, kulombono, akasona isifebe esijatshuliswayo kodwa umphefumulo ophuphuthekiswe isimo sobulungisa, uphishekela izinjabulo eziphoqayo eziholela ekuhluphekeni okujulile. Lombono usikisela ukuthi izigwegwegwegwe ngokuvamile ziyizinto eziyingozi, ukuxosha okuhle okuzigcina bebambeke emjikelezweni wokulimala.

uAugustine no-Priviation of Good — St. Augustine wanikeza ukusonta kwemfundiso yenkolo okwathonya amakhulu amaningi eminyaka emibono yaseNtshonalanga. kuye, okubi kwakungenalutho lwako; kwakuwukonakala noma ukungabikho okuhle, njengoba inxeba liwukungabikho kwempilo enyameni. Ikhohlakele, khona - ke, akugcwele into embi kodwa okuhle okudalwe okwaye kwasontwa. Lenkolelo, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-pinobolio[[FLT][FLT]], isho ukuthi ngisho nowesigebekeleyo onyanyekayo, ukulondoloza isithunzi esithile sobuhle bokuqala, ukwenza ukukhomba kumnyama, hhayi lutho olubi.

Ebubi elingaphandle kanye no-Farder Evile — Immanuel Kant waletha inkinga ngokuphelele embusweni wenkululeko yomuntu. Wakhuluma “ngobubi obungathandekiyo” njengemfashini engokwemvelo yomuntu ukuba athobe umthetho wokuziphatha ukuze azithakazelise yena ngokwakhe. Akuwona amandla angaphandle kodwa ukuguqulwa ngokukhululekile kwezinto eziza kuqala. Imfebe, eKantian face, inecala eliphelele ngalokhu kukhetha. Lokhu kusibheka njengezinto ezimbi ezingasenziwa yizinto ezinqunyiwe kodwa njengezidalwa ezithiwayo kodwa eziwumthetho wokuziphatha, ezikhetha ukuzonakalisa ngamabomu.

Ifilosofi yanamuhla yanezela omunye umkhakha: ububanzi bobubi. UHannah Arendt, ebika ngecala lika-Adolf Eichmann, waphawula ukuthi izenzo ezimbi kakhulu aziveli enzondweni yobudemoni kodwa ngenxa yokungacabangi, umsebenzi, nokungakwazi ukubheka umbono wenye. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi inkohlakalo ingaba yi-bureaucratic nezwelonke, isikhumbuza ukuthi ababoni ukuthi abafuni ukungenwa yizimpisi nokuhleka okungasho lutho okungasho lutho okubonisa ukuhleleka komthetho. (Exlore Arendt) inkolelo eqhubekayo [FLT:] [FFF]

Isayensi Yengqondo Ephazamisayo

Yiziphi izimiso ezishukumisayo nezindlela zokuqonda ezishukumisayo ezibangela umuntu ukuba alimaze abanye ngokuphindaphindiwe? Ucwaningo lwanamuhla olungokwengqondo lunikeza ithonya lezici, izingozi, namaphutha okucabanga abangela amaphutha angelutho ekuphileni okungokoqobo okuphazamisayo.

Ukuphazamiseka Kobuntu Nokuziphatha Okungalawuleki

Inqwaba yezincwadi ezidukisayo ebalazwe kahle ebalazweni elilandela izindlela ezichazwe ngokusebenza kwengqondo, ngisho noma zingatholakali zixilongwa ngokoqobo. Lokhu akukhona ukuhlazisa ukugula kwengqondo kodwa ukuqaphela ukuthi amaqoqo athile ezinkanyezi anesimo sengqondo enza kube nokwenzeka ngokwengeziwe ukuba enze isenzo sonya.

  • [ Ukuphazamiseka kobuntu obungalawuleki: Umuzwa omkhulu kakhulu wokuzincoma, isidingo esijulile sokuzincoma, nokuntula uzwela kwakha ubuntu obuzosebenzisa kabi nobungaziso. Cabanga nge-Iago ku- i-Olbothebo [, enomona nokuzikhukhumeza okumshukumisela ukuba abulale ukuphila kwakhe ukuze abonise ukuthi uphakeme. Izincwadi zengqondo zihlanganisa lendlela yokuzivikela ngokuzikhukhumeza. (Funda kakhulu ku-FLTY:][FLT]]
  • Ukungawanaki okugcwele ukuwaphatha kahle ama-social Disorder: Ukungawanaki amalungelo abanye, okuphawulwe ukukhohlisa, ukungalawuleki, nokwehluleka ukuvumelana nezimiso zomphakathi. IJoker iveza lokhu ngokuphula kwakhe ngokujabulisayo yonke imikhawulo. Ukucwaninga njalo kubonisa ukuthi abantu abanjalo ngokuvamile banozwela lokungacabangeli, ikhono lokufunda izimo zabanye zengqondo (* kodwa bazisebenzisa ukuze basebenzise isimilo kunokuba babonise isihawu.
  • Ukungahleleki kobuntu obubodwa: Ukuntengantenga ngokomzwelo, imizamo ephaphazelayo yokugwema ukulahlwa, kanye nomuzwa obuthakathaka wokuzichaza kungaveza izigebengu ezinonya olubangelwa ubuhlungu obukhulu. Unya oluguquguqukayo lukaNkosazana Macbeth, ekugcineni luchoboze ingqondo yakhe, luveze isici esinzima sangaphakathi salendlela.

Isithunzi Sesilonda

Izazi zengqondo ziphawula ukuthi izinkinga zakuqala zingaphazamisa ukuthuthuka okuvamile kokuziphatha futhi zenze kube nombono wezwe lapho umuntu ehlala esongelwa.

  • Ukuxhashazwa kobuntwana nokunganakwa: Voldemort, ekhuliswe endaweni yezintandane engenaluthando, ifunda kwasekuqaleni ukuthi amandla awukuphela kwemali eqinisekisa ukuphepha. Ukuphishekela kwakhe ukungafi ngokweqile kungafundwa njengendlela yokubaleka ephelelwa ithemba ekuchayekeni kwakhe ebuntwaneni.
  • Ukuzilahla nokuzihlukanisa: Isidalwa kuMary Shelley's Fradenstein[ siba yisishaqi kuphela ngemva kokuphindwa ngokuphindaphindiwe ngumdali wakhe nomphakathi. Ubudlova bakhe buyisinxusi esisontekile sokuvuma, ebonisa ukuthi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabantu kungasiphazamisa kanjani isidingo sokuxhumana ekufuneni impindiselo.
  • Izithukuthezi nosizi oluyinkimbinkimbi: Ezindabeni eziningi, ukufa kothandekayo kuba yisikhonkwane esijikijelwayo. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Dakin Skylaker ibe yi-Darth Vader kushukunyiswa ukwesaba ukulahlekelwa yiPadmé, kumholela ekuthatheni uhlangothi olumnyama oluthembisa ukulawula ukufa ngokwakho. Izenzo ezibangela ukubulala okukhulu ziwububi, kodwa umsuka wokwesaba komuntu okukhulu ukulahlekelwa.

Ukuhlanekezelwa Kwezimo Nokukhubazeka Kokuziphatha

Amavillans awavamile ukuzibheka njengezimbi. Akha izingxenyana ezizivumela ukuba ziphile ngezenzo zazo. Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo ezenhlalo uAlbert Bandura saveza izindlela zokulahla ukuziphatha: ukubeka izisulu amagama afanayo, ukuqeda ubunyama, nokuzikhukhumeza komthwalo wemfanelo. Umashiqela angase abize ukuqothulwa kohlanga ngokuthi “ukuhlanzwa”; umthandi onomona angabuye abangele ukubhujiswa ngokuthi“ ukufundisa isifundo.” Lokhu kukhohlisa akuyona into eqanjiwe kuphela, kusetshenziswa abantu abavamile ukulimaza ngendlela engavamile. Ukuqonda ukuthi kuqeda ukuhlukana okungcono phakathi “ne” no “igama”.”

Izincwadi Eziyinkimbinkimbi Zezithane

Ukuvela kwazo ekhasini noma kuyi - TV kusenza sifune ukuphenya ukuqina kwezimiso zethu zokuziphatha kanye nesimo senhlangano.

Inkululeko Yokuzikhethela, Isinqumo Nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wokuziphatha

Ingabe ngempela umuntu okhohlakele angasolwa uma ubuntu babo buye balolongwa ukuxhashazwa, ukuthakazela kwabo ubuchopho kubenza bathambekele ebudloveni, nasebudloveni obuvamile? Impikiswano phakathi kwesimiso sokunqanda ukumelana nenkululeko yokuzikhethela ayiyona inkolelo engokwemfundo; itshe eliqinile lendlela esahlulela ngayo noma yimuphi umthakathi. Uma konke ukukhetha kuwumphumela ongenakugwenywa wezimbangela zangaphambili, khona - ke umkhohlisi uyinto engcono kakhulu futhi inhlekelele engokwemvelo. Nokho izimiso zethu ezingokomthetho nemibono yethu echazayo ayiphikisani nale siphetho, igcizelela imfihlo enengqondo ethile ethembekile. I- Compatibistriston isho ukuthi ngisho nasemkhathini ongenakulawulwa, ukukhetha okwenziwa ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa ngaphandle kwempoqo futhi ngokuvumelana nezifiso zomuntu siqu kungabhekwa njengesihle. Impini esazi kahle efuna ubugovu, namanje, iphethe ifilosofi.

Ukungavumelani KweVillamy Nomenzi Wobubi Ovamile

Umqondo ka-Arendt uphikisa umbono wothando lwesithakathi esikhulu sobusathane. Ekuphileni kwangempela okuyinkimbinkimbi − futhi empilweni ebanzi eqanjiwe − uvivil uvame ukugqoka ubuso obungajwayelekile. Umphathi ofaka uphawu lokuxosha umbiko oyokwenza imikhaya ingabi namakhaya, umphathi wenkampani ocindezela ukwaziswa ngemikhiqizo ebulalayo, isosha elilandela iziyalezo ngaphandle kokungabazi: laba balwi nabangenwa yizonothi abangakhathazeli. Icala labo alikho ngenzondo eshubile kodwa liyikhomba ukuveza. Lombono usenza sibheke amaphutha hhayi nje ezingozini zangaphandle kodwa nasemikhakhelweni yethu siqu yokuzimela izikhali ezibulalayo.

Idansi Lehero - Villain Elizimele

I-heronome ichazwa abaphikisi bayo, futhi amaphutha amakhulu yilabo ababonisa lokho iqhawe elingaba yikho. Lobubuhlobo obuxubile buphakamisa umbuzo: ingabe iqhawe liyayidinga inqaba ukuze ibe khona? Kwezinye izindaba, i-hagnonist iyimbangela yokuphaphama kweqhawe. Ngaphandle kweJoker, iBatman ingamane nje ibe yisisulu esicebile esinekhono lokuqapha i-atrics; iyisiphithiphithi se-nemesis esicindezela imingcele yezimiso zakhe zokuziphatha ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokwezinga elingaphezulu kakhulu, i-ikhohlakani ngokuvamile liveza isithunzi somphakathi − − izimfanelo eziwukugqiliza futhi zithathe indawo yangaphandle. Ngokuqonda lokho umphakathi onikezwa “i - i-illas, izifiso zayo ezifihlekile.

Izithombe ZeVillainy: Ukuhlola Icala Okuthathu

Ukuhlolisisa izazi zemifanekiso kwembula indlela imicu engokwengqondo nengokwefilosofi ehlangana ngayo ukuze kwakhiwe abantu abasikhathazayo esikhathini eside ngemva kokuphela kwendaba.

I - Joker: I - “heos ”

Zimbalwa izigebengu eziye zahlaziywa ngokucophelela njengeJoker. Uyisitha sefilosofi esisebenzisa ubudlova ukuze abonise ukuthi ukuhleleka kungamaphutha alula. Ngokwengqondo, ukuziphatha kwakhe kuhambisana nezici ezingathi sína ezihlangene nesifo sokungalawuleki, nakuba ukungazinzi kwakhe kuvame ukuxabana. Akafuni ingcebo noma amandla nganoma yimuphi umqondo wesiko; umgomo wakhe ukudalula ukungaqondi kwemithetho yokuziphatha. Ngokuphathekayo, uyimpikiswano ehambayo emelene nezimiso zokulawula izimiso zengqondo kanye nokuziphikisa, efuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukhona oziphoqelela, ozishaya umthetho olungile. Umgca wakhe odumile, “uthatha usuku olulodwa,” uyinto emnyama mayelana nokuziphethe komuntu. Uyazi ukuthi i-athonsime. [FFFoctal:]

Intaba - mlilo: Ukwesaba Ukufa Nokuphishekela Ubumsulwa

UTom Riddle akaguqulwa nje ukuba iLord Voldemort ukuhlolwa kokuncishwa komzimba, ukubuntwa kwegazi, nokwesaba ukufa kungabangela ukukholelwa ekutheni ikhona into engcono kakhulu. U-Horcruxes akayona nje imisebenzi yomlingo; ayinkulumo yokugcina ewumphumela wengqondo engenakukwamukela ukulinganiselwa okukodwa kobuntu bendawo yonke. Ukukhathalela kuka Voldemort ngegazi eliyizibuko zangempela zezwe elithembisa ukudlula ukukhishwa kohlulwa kohlupho luka-ke. U-Philosophew, umelela lokho okwenzekayo lapho amandla ehlukana khona nanoma yikuphi ukuhlobana okunengqondo komphakathi. Ukuhluleka kwakhe ukuqonda umlingo womhlatshelo ovikela i-Harryrry: Imibono ephakathi yokuphila okuthengwayo ngokwesaba ukuphila okungenangqondo.

Inkosikazi Amakethi: Isifiso Sobugovu Nonembeza Ongathandeki

INkosazana kaShakespeare uMacbeth ayisona nje isigebengu kodwa owesifazane ohahayo ocela imimoya ukuba “ithathe”, ukuze asuse uzwela alukholelwayo phakathi kwakhe nomqhele. Ngemva kokubulawa kweNkosi uDuncan, igcizelela ngokudumile ukuthi “amanzi amancane asisusayo kulesenzo,” kuphela ukuwela ekuhlambeni izandla nasekuhlambeni. Ngokuphazima kweso, ukukhanyisa kwakhe kukhanyisa imiphumela ebhubhisayo yokucindezekile kwecala: ingqondo yakhe iyazivukela lapho unembeza uthule. Ngokukahlebe, umkhuba wakhe uyakwazi ukuzindla ngeqiniso elingokoqobo. Umuntu angaphika ukuyekelela isenzo esibi ngenxa yesifo sokuzilimaza isikhathi eside. Indaba yakhe iyoziphindisela ibuya kamuva.

Ukukhululwa Nokululama Kokuziphatha

Akuzona zonke izinganekwane eziphela ngokubhubhisa. Ezinye izindaba zihlola ukuthi umthathi-mphikisi angadeda ebubini nakuphi lokho ushintsho oludingayo. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo ejulile mayelana nokuthethelela, ukulandisa, kanye nokuhlala njalo kobuntu. Ekuziphatheni kwengqondo, umqondo wokukhula kwe- kwe-pasteums[ isikisela ukuthi ngisho nezindlela eziyingozi kakhulu zingavuselelwa ngokuqonda, ukuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo, nokulungisa ingxabano. U Dar Vathder ukwenzela ngokuziphendulela ngokuhlenga, ukuhlenga kokugcina indodana yakhe, futhi ubonise ukubukeka okunamandla kokushintsha okunjalo. Emjikelelweni oqinile, ekuhloleni imingcele yokulungisa ubulungisa. Ingcuba ingenza inhlekelele, noma ukulimala okungacaciphiswe ngokuhluzekile? Uma sicabanga ngenqubo edinga ukuvusekuhle kakhulu, inguquko enkulu kakhulu, inqubo edinga ukusinda ekuphileni.

Isiphetho

Ingqondo yezengqondo yonya ingaphezu kakhulu kweqoqo lezici ezisontekile; i - lens esihlola ngayo ukucindezeleka okujulile kokuba umuntu. Ifilosofi ibonisa ukuthi ububi bungaba ukungazi, ukuswela, ukukhetha, noma ukungacabangi. Isayensi ihlanganisa lemibono efiphele neqiniso eliphilayo lokukhubazeka, ubuntu, nokuhlanekezelwa kwengqondo. Futhi izindaba esizishoyo ziguqula lokhu kuqonda kube abantu ababekela inselele, abashaqisayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi bazuze uzwela lwethu. Umngcele ophakathi kweqhawe nenqaba awumi; uhlanganisa indawo ezungezile sonke, futhi udonswa izimo, izinqumo zethu, nezindaba esizikholelwayo. Ngokufunda ngama - habi nozwela, asilimazisihluku, kodwa silimaza iqiniso elilimazayo futhi sibhekana nekhono elibi.