Ungcelele lwezikumkani ezilishumi elinesibini luphawulo olunomtsalane lwamaJapan oluye lwafumana uthotho olunikezelweyo lolwakheko lwalo oluntsonkothileyo lwehlabathi kunye nokuxelelwa kwalo ngentanda-bulumko. Okulubeka ngokwahlukileyo kwezinye imisebenzi emininzi kwi-genre luludwe oluntsonkothileyo lwenkcazo yenkcubeko edityaniswe kuyo yonke imiba yebala layo. Ukusuka kwisakhiwo sobukumkani balo ukuya kwiengxaki zokuziphatha kwabantu balo, ungcelele oluthi lwembali yeMpuma Asia, iintsomi, kunye nentanda-ntanda-bulumko ukuveza ibali elibona ngathi libalulekile kwaye linzulu. Ukungalulwa kwale ntlalo nje kuphela akulonke oluluxandumiso lwalo lwalo kodwa kwakhona kutyhila indlela olulubandakanya ngayo ngemibuzo engapheliyo ngokhokelo, ubunkokeli, ubukhobo, kunye nobume bebutho labantu.

Indima Yenzululwazi Ngendalo EMpuma Asia

Ilaphu lendalo elishumi elinesibini lendalo isuka kwiingcamango zendalo yaseMpuma Asia. Ngokungafaniyo nentelekelelo yaseNtshona, edla ngokuhlula indalo neyomoya kwimimandla eyahlukileyo, olu ngcelele lubonisa indalo apho ummandla wendalo wasemhlabeni nowobuthixo udityaniswe ngokungenamkhethe. Eli lizwe asilondawo nje ephathekayo; liyinto ephilayo elawulwa ngumthetho wasezulwini kunye nehambo yokuziphatha yabemi balo. Eli hlabathi linesiseko esinzulu kwingcamango yeTaxia, okanye "Yonke Izulu," apho ulawulo lwasemhlabeni lumiselwe ngamandla aphezulu. I-ntente, uMlawuli wezulu, ayisosithixo kodwa lingumoya onamandla abonakalisa ukuchuma okanye ukuthotywa kwezikumkani ezikumkani ezingcwele, ukuzalwa kweerhamfekelelene, kunye nokukhethwa kolawulo lwe-Kirin.

IKirin ngokwayo ingundoqo kulwakheko lwendalo. Ezi zidalwa zentsomi, ezisuka kwi Qilin (6), azingobathunywa nje kuphela kodwa zingabathunywa abaphilayo abakwisidima somlawuli. Impilo yeKirin ibotshelelwe ngqo kwingqibelelo yemeko entle yokumkani amkhonzayo. Ukuba ukumkani okanye ukumkanikazi woonakaliswa okanye uphelelwa ngumsebenzi wakhe, iKirin igula ngeShidtsuō, isifo esidlamkileyo esinokunyangwa kuphela yinguquko yomlawuli. Le nkqubo iguqula ukulawulwa kwesenzo sezobupolitika kwisivumelwano esingcwele, idibanisa igunya elisemthethweni nobunyulu bomoya. Ingcinezelo ekwabalawulini njengoNakama neShowa ikhulu, njengoko ukhetho lwabo lobuqu lwendalo lubonisa iziphumo zempathotho, isiseko sobugcucucu.

Umhla Wezulu Nendima Yomlawuli

Embindini wezifundo zezopolitiko ze-Zhou. Uludwe lwezicwangciso zezobupolitika lunenkcazelo yeNkcubeko yezulu umhla wexesha elipheleleyo wezulu kodwa unyulwe nguKirin osekelwe kwimo yemvelo yokulunga. Le mfundiso yaqala ukudlula ngokupheleleyo, ukurhoxa kwesithethe se-Shang. Injongo ayihlala ihleli; imele ifumaneke rhoqo. Ibali likaKumkani uKou kuBukumkani beKou lisebenza njengentsomi. Uqala njengomlawuli ozinzileyo kodwa unikezela ngokucothayo, ngokubangela ingxhwala, iKhin, iKhin, ibangela ukuba ingxwelerha, i-Khin, i-Khin, i-drine, i-Tyroulce iphumele ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lolawulo lwezomthetho. Ulawulo lwamanyton lubonisa ukuba umlawuli olungileyo asebenze njengentembeba.

Le nkqubo idala isakhiwo sezobupolitika esingaqhelekanga esiqwalaselwa lungcelele. Ngenxa yokuba abalawuli benokuphila iinkulungwane − ukungafi kwangoko iKirin yabo ihlala iphilile − banexesha lokuzalisekisa utshintsho olude lwexesha, kodwa kwakhona ixesha lokuba nobuzwilakhe ukuba ingathintelwa. Indima yebureaucrates kunye namagosa, ekhutshwe kuzo zombini ezizweni zasemhlabeni (Hourai) kunye nezikumkani ngokwazo, zibonakalisa inkqubo yovavanyo lomlawuli waseTshayina nokubaluleka komsebenzi wempumpunge onzima. Ungceleleko lubonisa umlinganiselo ontsonkothile phakathi kwegunya lobuthixo elingoko uThixo kunye nolawulo lwendawo, ibalase okulungileyo “ndoda elungileyo" esebenzayo ekhonza ngokunyaniseka kodwa esebenzela umgangatho ophezulu kwiimeko ezichasene nezigqibileyo.

Ukuqotywa Kweentsomi Nehlabathi Elinamandla

Ngaphandle kwentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, olu ngcelele luquka uthotho lweemeko zentsomi ezinika ihlabathi ubunzulu nobunzulu bokomfuziselo. Ingqwebo yobukumkani obulishumi elinesibini ithathwe kakhulu kwimiboniso yamaTshayina efana ne Shan Hai Jing (Classic of Mountains and Seas) kunye neNtsomi yaseJapan. I-Wema, izidalwa ezingaqhelekanga ezizulazulazula kumazwe, azikho nje amarhamncwa angendawo; zibonakala ziimpawu zokungalingani kwendalo nokuziphatha okuhle. Ubukumkani obunomlawuli onesidima bubona ukuwohloka kohlaselo kuwe-ma, ngoxa ubukumkani obukhohlakeleyo buzibangela ukuba zibe yindyikityambo ekhoyo. Oku kunxulumene ngqo nendalo ekhoyo kwintliziyo yomntu, ingcamango evakalayo ukuba uluntu kunye nendalo iyinxalenye yenkqubo eyodwa, elungeleneyo.

Imimoya, oothixo, kunye noothixo abancinane bagcwalisa ihlabathi, ngokufuthi besebenza njengabancedisi okanye abakhohlisi. I-Nyosen (88) neShinsen (2016). Amakhwenkwe kunye namadoda angafiyo akhonza kwiinkundla zezulu . Isekelwe kwiDooist xian (6), abantu abaye baphelisa ukufa ngokulima ngokomoya nangemisebenzi yobungcathu. Ukubakho kwaba bantu kugxininisa ukufikelela kobuthixo namandla abantu abaqhelekileyo okufikelela ekufikeleleni kwento. Kodwa, ungcelele lwezo zinto luye lubhintshona ngokubonisa ukuba ukungafi, ukunikwa abalawuli nabaphathi yintente, kungumthwalo onzima njengobhongo. Kubafana noYoko, ukulahlekelwa kobomi bakhe obuqhelekileyo kunye nokuphuma emhlabeni kuyinto enzulu, nokuba ngaba ingumntu ophiconelwe ukubuphisana ngexabiso ngenxa yokufuna ukusetyenziswa kobomi.

Izilwanyana Ezingcwele Nemisebenzi Yazo Yomfuziselo

Bubonke ubukumkani budityaniswa nerhamncwa elingcwele elifuzisela intsingiselo yalo elingundoqo kunye nekamva. Ezi azizozigebenga ezingaqhelekanga kodwa ziyimiqondiso exhotyiswe ngokwesithethe. Ngokomzekelo, uBukumkani beKei’s Kirin sisidalwa esinobubele nokusesikweni, bubonisa isangqa sobuYoko's sijonge kulawulo olunovelwano kodwa oluqinileyo. UBukumkani beEn’s Kirin, Enki, obungaqhelekanga kwaye obunemikhwa-mbo engaqhelekanga, bubonisa ubulumko obungangqinelaniyo bokumkani wakhe, Shoryu. I-Golden Week ishown i-crat, ingwe, uvumba, kunye ne-kaldi, zibonakala kwiindibano ezibizwa ngokuba ziindibano ezithile, ibophe imbono ye-cccl-ast yendlela yokucinga i-Mpuma ye-Asia.

Ezinye izidalwa ezifana neHanjyuu (88), isiqingatha sezidalwa ezingabantu, isiqingatha sempuma, zisebenza njengezigelekeqe zokuthotywa nocalucalulo. Iimpawu ezifana noRakushun, umHanjyuu onokuthi aguqulele ekubeni yirat, ujongene nocalucalucalulo phezu kobukrelekrele nokunyaniseka kwazo. Ukuphathwa kwazo izipili zehlabathi ezikwizipili zentlalo ezikhoyo kunye noxinzelelo lweNtlalo olufanelekileyo, kwanjengoba ibali libonisa ukuqina kwaloo misebenzi. Olu ngceleleko lubonisa ukuba ukubaluleka kuxhomekeke kwintliziyo nezenzo zomntu omnye, hayi ngentlobo zomntu okanye ukuzalwa, umxholo ohambisana neengcamango zobuBhudayo kunye nokulingana.

IDNA Yesithethe Yeempawu

Abasebenzi kwiThe 12, Kingdoms abangobantu abanobuntu obubodwa; bahamba ngendlela yemilinganiselo yesithethe kunye neengxubakaxaka zentanda-bulumko. Ukukhula kwabo ngokobuqu yinkqubo yokuqhuba inqanawa, kwaye ngokufuthi kuxolelanisa, iinkqubo zokuziphatha ezingqubanayo ezithathwe kwiConfucius, Daoism, kunye nobuBhuda. Ngokungafaniyo nohambo lwegorha elicacileyo, ii-arctics zabo zibandakanya ukungafundi imeko yentlalo-ntle nokufumana ii-inyani ezinxulumene ngokunzulu neembopheleleko zoluntu.

Yoko Nakajima: Ukusuka kubuConfucius Filiality ukuya kukwenza umsebenzi

Utshintsho lukaYoko lungundoqo wongcelele. Uqala njengomfundi wesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo waseJapan oqhelekileyo, okhubazeka yimfuno enzima kunye noloyiko oludidayo lokuma ngaphandle − ubuchule bokuhamba endleleni obusekelwe kwisidima sobuConfucian kwintlawulo yobuzali kunye nentsebenziswano yentlalo ethatyathwe kwityhefu. Ubuchule bakhe bokuqala bubucala obubi bokulungelelanisa: uzilolonga ngokwalanisa, aphulukane nento abanye abayifunayo. Xa ethunyelwa eBukumkanini bukaKei aze anyanzelwe ukuba abe ngumlawuli wayo, yonke into emenza axhathise. Ingcamango yokuyalela abanye, ukuba negunya, ukungqubana nombhalo wakhe oqinileyo wokuzithoba kwamabhinqa nokuqokelela ubukhozi.

Uhambo lwakhe alubhekiseli nje ekufundeni ukulawula ubukumkani; lumalunga nokujamelana nehlazo lokuzicinezela. Iimfundiso zebhinqa elinamakrele uEnki kunye negosa elisisilumko uKeiki linyanzelela ukuba athathe imbono elungelelene ngakumbi. Kufuneka adibanise imbopheleleko yobuConfucian yokunyamekela abantu bakhe ngedayo yokubiza iDoist ukuba isebenze ngokuvisisana nendalo yakhe yenene, ngaphandle kobuchule bokuzicinezela. Ingcamango “yomoya ophezulu” (kakhulu, kōketsu) iba yikhampasi yakhe eqinileyo (ikhampasi yakhe) engazingcibiyo okanye ukuzingca. Kule nto, uYoko ubonakalisa intsingiselo yembali yomTshayi olungileyo okhokelayo ngemeko yokuziphatha, kodwa ebangela ukuba alwe ngenkcamzamza enzulu.

IShoryu ne-Enki: I-Daois Sage-Monarch kunye neTrickster Kirin

Ubukumkani beEn, obulawulwa nguShoryu kunye noKirin Enki wakhe, buchazwa njengebali lempumelelo, kodwa obuthi bungabinakufezeka kwisidima esiqhelekileyo. Shoryyu buyingcungela ephambili edlalayo, edla ngokuba nevila, isimilo. Ngokufuthi usuka kwimithetho esesikweni, ungcakaze, kwaye adla ngokudlala, ebonakala kude nendoda engooyisiyo yamaConfucian. Kodwa ulawulo lwakhe luzise iziganeko ezincinane ezingephiliyo. Le ngxaki ichazwa ngentanda-bulumko e-Daoist: imikhwalo ye-Shoryu [i] [[FLT:] [51], isenzelo olungenamsebenzi okanye isenzo esingeyo. Akathembi zenzo ezincinane, ukuvumela iziganeko zakhe ukuba zibonakale, ubuchule obuqhelekileyo, uGeneboduse-Genearcio, obonakalisa ubulumko bolawulo lwehlabathi, ongaluvumela ukuba lulawule, ngokusebenzisa ulawulo lwezizo.

Ulwalamano lwakhe noEnki lubaluleke ngokufanayo. UEnki nguKirin obalekayo emsebenzini wakhe, onxila, athethe ngokungqongqo kukumkani wakhe. Olu tshintsho asiyompazamo kodwa lululwahlulelo olufunekayo kwigunya elipheleleyo. Kwiinkundla zesithethe, ubuqhetseba obusemzimbeni bukaKirin busebenza njengendlela yokuhlola imilinganiselo yokuziphatha efihlakeleyo; uEnki wongezelela ingxilongo, ekhutheleyo, umcuphi wenkundla ngegunya elingcwele. Ulwalamano lwabo lubalaselisa ukubaluleka kokuba noonqabileyo abathetha inyaniso ngaphandle koloyiko.

Shoukei noSuzu: Iinkosana EzingamaWallen Nomkhonzi Olityalweyo

Isibini sabasebenzi abaxhasayo abanyanzelisayo, uShoukei noSuzu, bonisa ungquzulwano lokushenxiswa nokususwa komphambili wakhe wento nge-Bhuda kunye ne-Lensscian. Shokei, wakha wakhohliswa yinkosana yoBukumkani obuwileyo beHou, utshintshwa ukusuka kuphawu lwezikhundla eziphantsi eziphantsi, lube yiyo esebenzayo. Isangqa sakhe siquka ukususa wonke umaleko wakhe wangaphambili, ubume bakhe, igama lakhe, ubuhle bakhe, .

Suzu, intombazana eselula yaseJapan eyaziswa kwiiBhuno ezilishumi elinesibini kwinkulungwane phambi kweYoko kwaye yashiywa ibandezeleka njengesicaka, iquka ubunzima obutyumzayo bokwahlukaniswa nokufuna ukunconywa. Iminyaka yakhe emide yokuxhatshazwa nokungabi nabubele phantse kwaphula umoya wayo. Ukuchachacha kwakhe, ngesenzo esilula kodwa esinzulu sokubonwa nokuxatyiswa nguYoko, kubalaselisa isidima sobuConfucian [FL: 0] j [inco], okanye ubuchule bobuntu bokuva omnye umntu kwaye enze ngemfesane. Ibali likaSuzu libonisa ukuba usindiso aluveli kumlingo okanye amandla omntu onyanisekileyo, kodwa ekuyinzeni kwemixokelelwano yomntu eMpuma ebonakalisa ukuba luphawu olunzulu.

Ingcamango Efihlakeleyo Yokonakaliswa Yimfazwe Noxolo

IiKingdoms ezilishumi elinesibini azizikhathazi kwizibakala zogonyamelo lwezobupolitika, kodwa zizenza zibonakale kwisiseko sokuziphatha esikhethekileyo kwiMpuma Asia. Imfazwe ayizukiswa; isoloko isisilela ngokulusizi ekulawuleni, uphawu lokubola okunzulu ngokomoya. Indlela oluye lwazinziswa ngayo izigqibo zokungquzulana ibonisa impembelelo yengcamango yamaBhodi nawamaConfucius, kwakunye neentandabulumko eziqulunqileyo ezifumaneka kwimisebenzi enjengeSun Tzu’s Ubugcisa bemfazwe, kodwa zigqozwa ngebala lemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

UBukumkani bukaKei, phantsi kobugrogrisi uJokaku, buba ngurhulumente okhohlakeleyo olawulwa ngumthetho, apho imithetho engqongqo nesohlwayo esiqatha zimiselwe ukugcina ucwangco, kodwa endaweni yoko zibangela imvukelo kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba. Oku kuthelekiswa nolawulo lukaYoko ekugqibeleni, apho amisela inkqubo yenceba kunye nokubuyisela izinto. Isigqibo sakhe sokuxolela amajoni aqhelekileyo awayelwa naye, eqonda ukuba ayenyanzelwa, sisenzo esinamandla solawulo lobuConfucian: ukuzuza iintliziyo ngesidima kunokulawula imizimba ngoloyiko. Olu ngceleleko lubonisa ukuba uxolo olufunyanwa ngoloyiko lunengxaki, ngoxa uxolo olwakhelwe ngobulungisa luhlala luhleli.

Ingcamango Yemfazwe Nokunyaniseka Okusesikweni

Kwanaphakathi kwemfazwe, olu ngcelele luchanaba kwikhowudi ye-gcutido nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yase-Japan, kodwa ngeliso elibukhali. Iimpawu ezifana noNjengele Kantai waseKei zilwa nongquzulwano phakathi kokunyaniseka komntu kwinkosi yabo efungelweyo kunye nomsebenzi wabo kwintlawulo elunge ngakumbi yobukumkani. Xa umphathi emoshabalalisayo, ivukelwa yingxaki enzulu? Oku kwathethwa ngokunzulu kwimbali yamaTshayina neyamaJapan, okusoloko kuxoxwa yindlela yokuzikhulula, ukukhulula indlela entsha yokulawula ngaphandle kokunganyaniswa kolawulo olusemthethweni kwaye kusenokubhukuqwa ngomnye umntu onegunya. Olu hlolo lubonisa oku kungeyo nje into elula, kodwa kulungelelaniswa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Isigulo sikaKirin sivakalisa ngokunempumelelo ukuba umthetho orhoxiweyo, ukukhulula indlela entsha yokunganyaniswa kolawulo lwezopolitiki.

Indima yeNkcubeko ngaphaya kweMida yeNkcubeko

Olu ngcelele lusebenzisa ukungqubana phakathi kolindelo lwangoku lwamaJapan kunye neendima ezingaphezulu zobufanasini zooBhomani abalishumi elinesibini kwizithethe zobhishophu. Yoko, evela kwibutho apho amantombazana asoloko elindeleke ukuba adeleke kwaye ahlalise, ufumana ukuba ihlabathi lakhe elitsha aliwafaki siseko sokwemvelo. Belininzi ookumkanikazi abalawulayo kwizikumkani ezilawulayo, kwaye igunya labo ligqibelelekile. Oku akuthethi ukuba uBukumkani obulishumi elinesibini buyi-Erosia; izakhiwo zoobhishophu ezingokolusapho ziseko, kodwa indlela yokukhetha kobuthixo isenza ukuba amabhinqa abe yindoda efanayo, ngaloo ndlela idele ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza.

Ukuxhatshazwa kukaSuzu kwangaphambili njengoko isicaka sikhomba kugonyamelo olubangelwa kukulalana, kodwa ekugqibeleni ukunyuka kwakhe njengomntu othembekileyo nowakwaYoko kubonisa ukuba ukuxabiseka akudityaniswa nokungakhuseleki emzimbeni. Ngokufanayo, amadoda alungcelele olu hlolo aboniswa esebenzisa iindima ezinokugqalwa njengezifamakazi kumomo woobhishophu omkhulu: indoda iKirin ithambile, iyaqeqesha, kwaye inovelwano olunzulu, kwaye oku kuboniswa njengamandla ayo amakhulu, hayi ubuthathaka. Oku kugqalwano lweempawu zobufazi obuyi-Daois kuhambisana noxabiso lolwamtsalayo kunye nokuthambile, okunokuthi koyise ukuqina kwamanzi, njengamatye afakwa phantsi.

Ukuzichaza Kwehlabathi Lonke Ngenkcubeko

Okwenza ukuba iiKingdoms ezilishumi elinesibini zinyamezele njengendlela engaqhelekanga yokuba zichazwe ngokuchaseneyo izithethe ezinzulu ziyivula ingcaciso yayo yendalo yonke. Ngokuzingcamisa imixholo yazo ngokucacileyo kwizithethe ze-East Asia, ayibakhuphi abantu kodwa ibamema ukuba bajonge ihlabathi njengebonele ukuba bona ngokwabo kunye nebutho labantu linxulumene ngokwemvelo. Olu ngcelele alushumayeli; lubonisa ukuba kukho ihlabathi apho ukhanyiselo lobuqu lungaguquguquki kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni, apho indalo isabela kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabantu, nalapho ukhokelo lungumthwalo owesazela oweyisayo. Ezi ngcamango, nangona zinxulumene nenkxalabo eqhelekileyo, zithetha ngezinto eziqhelekileyo: ukufuna ukwazi ukuba luzizo, intsingiselo yokhokelo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nomnqweno wokukhuthaza ukuba lungamalungu oluntu, apho luthi luthi luthi luthi luncedo.

Ingxelo ebhalwe phantsi, ehamba phakathi kwezikumkani ezahlukeneyo kunye neengongoma, ibonakalisa ingcamango yobuBhuda yokuxhomekeka kobugqwirha bobuhlanga, apho itshe elinqabileyo ngalinye libonisa zonke ezinye. Ibali likaYoko alilodwa; linxulumene nobulumko bukaShoryu, ukubandezeleka kukaSuzu, noKantai ukubandezeleka. Bobabini, benza ulwakhiwo olunentsingiselo eninzi lwamava omntu. Ngokuqonda imilinganiselo yenkcubeko yoluntu, i-Dokianism, imfesane yendalo, imfuno yamaBhuda, imfuno, imfuno yentso, qhatho, qhatha nje ekuqondeni kwecebo elipheleleyo, kodwa ukungena okunzulu kwendalo entle. UBukumkani obulishumi elineshumi elinesibini bune, ngaphakathi kwalo, ibali elinzima, eliqhubekayo lomsebenzi owenziwa ngumntu wonke, elibonwa ngebala elimangalisayo lehlabathi lingaze liphinde liphelelwe livakale ngokokufezeka oko.