Imveliso ye-anime yinkqubo entsonkothileyo yokubona ubugcisa, ubuchule, kunye nobuchule boshishino. Ngelixesha iimpumezo zibona imveliso yokugqibela epholishiweyo, uhambo ukusuka kwingqiqo ukuya kwikhusi lubunjwe zizithintelo zembali, ubugcisa obujikelezayo, kunye neengxaki ezidibeneyo. Uhlalutyo lwembali yoludwe lwezibonelelo lubonisa iipateni ezikhanyisa ukukwazi ukumelana nobuchule bobuchule bokwenza izinto zobugcisa kunye neentsika eziyingozi zokuqhuba inqanawa. Izifundo ezifakwe kula mabali ziluncedo kungekuphela nje ekunyusekweni abaqululeki, ababali bezinto, ababali, nabafundisi abanomdla ekuboneni indlela umsebenzi wokuyila owenziwa ngayo.

Ixesha Lokulungiselela: Amalinge Oopopayi Bokuqala EJapan

Kudala ngaphambi kokuba umabonwakude aguqule i-aimage ibe yi-staple yekhaya, abazobi bamaJapan babezama ngefilimu ephindiweyo. Kudala eyaziwa kwilizwe loopopayi baqala ngo-1907, ngemisebenzi emifutshane efana Katsudō Shashin (Umfanekiso ophumayo), isiqwenga somfana obhalayo i-kanji. Ngexesha lama1910 kunye nama-1920, oovulindlela abanjengoSeitarō Kitama noJun'u's's's bafumana ifuku ephuma kwimifanekiso ephothi yaseNtshona, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe baphuhlisa ulwimi olusuka kwisandi esiphezulu esiphezulu esiJapan. Umzekelo, udityaniswe iphepha kunye nomboniso wemiboniso lwemiboniso oluqhelekileyo lwemiboniso oluthe criokia, ngexesha elifutshane. Isandi esiqhaphukade sisetyenziswa kwincoko yencoko yamva emva kwesandi esiqhama.

Iminyaka yee1930 yaba noopopayi bokuqala baseJapan, abanjengo Mangaka no Yume (1945), abasebenzisa isandi esihambisana nesandi kodwa abasaxhomekeka kuqingqo lwemveliso elinganiselweyo. Le mfazwe yehlabathi II yaphinda yasebenzisa ulinganiso lwenkcazelo, iifilimu ezifana i-Matotarō]: Ummi no no Shinpei[[FLT] [1945]) ebonisa ukuba ububanzi besixhobo se-ayini yayisebenza ngobuchule. Le filimu engama-44-mine, eveliswa yimisebenzi ekhutshwa nguMkhosi wemfazwe, efunekayo ii-aimator kunye nemifanekiso ephambili. Emva kobunzima bemfazwe, ubunzima bezoqoqosho nonyukelelwa kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswayokuveliswa yi-Spea. I-Effey, i-Fokey.[4]

Ukwanda Kwenkcazelo Kamabonwakude Neyokuncokola

Iminyaka yee-1960 yaphawula ukutshintsha okubangelwa kukunyikima xa i-antime yasuswa kumagumbi okudlala amafilimu iye kumagumbi okuhlala. Umabonwakude wanika umzekelo omtsha wezoqoqosho: ungcelele lweveki ngeveki oluxhaswe ngabaxhasi nabathengisi. Oku kwafuna ucwangciso oluninzi, uqingqo-mali olusikelweyo, kunye nendlela efana neyomzingelo. Iqokobhe elaqhekeza ikhowudi yeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeyeefilimu, i-Osamu Tezuka.

Astro Boy (Ukuhlangabezana nexesha elimiselweyo, elaphumayo ngo 1963, yayiyeyona midlalo yokulinganisa isiqingatha seyure yesiqingatha seyure eboniswayo eJapan. ITezuko yamkela uhlomelo oluyingozi olusezantsi kuqingqo-mali, ukubheja ukugqiba izithuba. Ukufezekisa amatheki, iqela elinobuchule bokulinganisa obulinganiselweyo, ukunciphisa inani lomzobo ngomzuzwana nophinda usebenzise ii-kel. Ngoxa oku kwanikelwa kolwelo, kwenza ukuba kuqwalaselwe kwiinkqubo ezinamandla zocaphulo kunye nophawu oluthe kratya. [FLTLTY:2]] ukhupho lwemveliso olusuka kwiprojective [FFFF:3] lubonise ukuphumelela kokulinganisa ukuphumelela kwe-selktooperal.

Ngokukhawuleza emva, Kimba iWhite Lion (65) yaba ngumboniso wokuqala we-TV wombala e-Japani i-ayim, kwaye i- Racer ... Racer (1967) iveze isenzo sesibindi somsebenzi we-oksigralic kunye nesichasi esihamba phambili esiza kunceda kamva ukuqhekeza iimarikethe zamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe. Ezi zibonisa ukumiswa kolwimi olubonakalayo lokulinganisa okulinganiselweyo, kunye nemigca ekhawulezayo, neyona ikude ekufutshane-up. Ukuveliswa kwe [FLT.FLD: 4.5] kuqwalaye kakhulu kusetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindwa kwemizwa kwemidyano ye-nqwelo-moya, evumela ukusetyenziswa kwe-eromedia, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa unyuso olufana nolungiso oluqhelekileyo olusetyenziswayo.

Inkqubo Yokulumkela Nokwahlula Imbewu

Njengokuba i-TV yanda, nenani lee-studio zoopopayi. I-Toei uLigani, wasekwa ngo-1948, wasebenza njenge Hollywood, wenza iifilimu kwaye ekugqibeleni ungcelele lwe-TV olufana i-Dragon Ball kunye [[FLT:] ne[FLT:] isiseko se-SAUM][5] [[FLT]]][FLT]][FLT][3] [iiiimont][3] [iiindlela] [indlela][FLT][3] [iiiindlela] [indlela] [indlela] [indlela] [indlela] ekhoyo, imodelwamfolo-ofuthe yoonogogogo, apho imodelwayonke, imodeli ye-fgnogne ye-Foffanslances, i-ip eyakheyisi ye-ekhompmpmpmpmp: , i-ip

Ngexesha lonyaka ka1970 noweminyaka yee-1980, i-anime ikwafuna ukwenziwa kobunzulu obungokweemvakalelo, ingqina ukuba ulinganiso lungaphatha imbali yabahlali abadala. Impumelelo yeSibonelelo seVersailles [1999], ithathwe kwi Riyoko Ikeda manga, ifuna imbonakalo echuliweyo kunye nohlomelo lobunzulu bemvakalelo, ingqina ukuba ulinganiso lungaphatha imidlalo yakudala kubantu abadala. Impumelelo ikhuthaza ukutyala okungekho ntshukumo ye-genress, ivula iqula letalente le mibala kunye nemitshingili ye-enjini. Ngokufanayo, [[FLT.2] [FFFFFFON [200:3] [1] [1] [11] [11] njengoko kunjalo: [1] [1] [1]

Imvukelo Yefilimu: Ukusuka Kunobundlobongela Ukuya Kubonakala Kukubi

Ngeli xesha i-TV yakha isibheno somdla we-aimaine, ifilimu yemidlalo yeqonga yaphakamisa igama layo lobugcisa. Ekupheleni kowe-1980 kwabona amaza emifanekiso eshukumayo enobuchule exhaphakileyo esebenzisa uqingqo-mali olukhudlwana kunye nemisebenzi emide. Akira[ [188], ikhokelwa nguKatsuro Oto, yayiyimveliso. yayiyimveliso exhotyisiweyo. I-katyiswa yi-kashirom exhobisayo i-cridia nemali eninzi kakhulu, ivelise intshukumo yolwelo, imvelaphi ebanzi, kunye nesicwangciso sesandi esidityaniswe ngobuchule bokwenziwa kwe-AFra, ukusetyenziswa kwe-octivess. Kwaye kusenziwa nge-octivessting kaninzi lwamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-enjiko. [Foctive'iftiances's's's's trac

Studio Ghibli, owenziwe ngu Hayao Miyazaki no-Isao Takahata, wathatha indlela eyahlukileyo: ithelekisa ngentetho ephantsi yemo yezulu nophawu. Ummelwane Totoro (1988) [unyaka we-1988) wenziwe ngexesha elinye nobunzima obuninzi [uhlelo lomoya okhoyo womlilo [FLT: FLT] [FLT:] ucwangciso oludayo oluphantse lwawanisa isakhiwo somsebenzi. Ukukhululwa ngokuphindo lwendlela kufundisa u-Ghibli nokhupho lobuchule bokuyila nobuchule bokwenza ubuchule bokwenza izinto zobugcisa. Umgangatho wendlela eNtshona , umgangatho womgangatho womoya okhoyo kumgangatho womhlaba, osuka kumgangatho we-GUption: [FLT] kunye nowe-FUT [up] okhoyo woluntu olukhoyo lwamayo lwehlabathi olukhoyo lwamayo.[FLGenethi, olukhoyo olukhoyo olukhoyo olukhoyo olukhoyo olukhoyo

Ezinye iifilimu eziphawulayo ezisuka kweli xesha ziquka Ghost kwiShell (1995]), esebenzisa umdibaniso wolinganiso lwe-drawn-cel kunye nomfanekiso we 3D yekhompyutha ukwenzela "iiibhamma" izibane eziphumayo. Imveliso I.G.'indlela yobuchule kwimo-yoqobo . iquka i-odoscoscoscocop kwintshukumo ezithile . /ifyfi esebenzayo kamva i-scifi enje Impumelelo yemifanekiso yezizwe ngezizwe ukutyhubela iManga Ezokuzonwabisa.G.'indlela yokusasaza iimpahla zorhwebo ezithengwa ngabantu abadala.

Ixesha Lamanani Nokuqukuqela Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Ekupheleni konyaka ka-1990 kunye nowama 2000 zazisa utshintsho olungalungisekiyo kwimveliso ye-ayini njengezixhobo zamanani ezithatyathelw' indawo yi-celluloid. Utshintsho lwaqala ngombala kunye nokusebenzisa i composition: i studies njenge Toei kunye noSunrise ezamkelwayo njenge RETAS! Pro, ezavumela ulungiso olukhawulezileyo kunye nolwaleko. Ngexesha lophakathi kuma-2000, uninzi lwe-TV luveliswe ngokupheleleyo ngokwemivo, nangona iiklasi ezininzi ezigcinwe kwiminxeba yeminxeba yesandla yophawu. Utshintsho lwalungakhange lujongeke luqinile, kwaye ezinye ii-armingcators zamelana. Noko ke, inzuzo zonikezelo olulula nolwano lwe-3D CGI ekugqibeleni zafunyanwa.

Ngokungatshintshiyo, ukunyuka kothotho lweeqonga oluqukuqelayo olufana noluthi funchition (ngoku lukhulu) kunye nohlobo lwe-Netflix, i-Amazon, kunye neDisney+_umngenisi , kwaqala uthotho lwezintlu-zintlu, olufana noluthi lwe-[FFON] oluthe ngqo, olunjengo-[FLT:] umgangatho we-FON [[10]] (umzekelo we-(2017]) nowe-[FTY: [FT]] i-FLTH [FLT]] [12] [iiiyunithi], ibone isenza uludwe oluphezulu nolunyuko oluthe ngaphaya, xa kusetyenziswa umgangatho othe nyakathothoyo, umqulu othe qhamka ka-Atofu). [[4] Umzekelo we-FEFEFT] kunye noncedo olukhoyo lwamandla olukhoyo olukhoyo, luye lwamanani aphezulu kakhulu (unyukelwe yi-Foffans] [esa

Ngaphandle kwale nkqubela, isizukulwana samanani asikhange sicombulule imiba yokusebenza kwe-amine. Ingeniso ephantsi kunye nemisebenzi enzima ecwangcisiweyo ihlala iqhelekile, ingakumbi kumalungu aphakathi kunye nabathandi bemibala. IStudios njengoTyoto, noko ke, ibonise ukuba ukuqokelela abasebenzi abasisigxina kunye nembuyiselo elungileyo kukhokelela kumgangatho ophezulu kunye nesifundo esisezantsi sobuncinci somzinzi othe wandisa ngokuthe ngcembe.

Ngasemva Kwemiboniso Engaqhelekanga: Umbhobho Ovelisa Imveliso Nezobugcisa

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba imveliso ethile ye-antimie iphumelele okanye intengantenge kufuna ujongo kumbhobho oqhelekileyo. Nangona iqonga ngalinye lineentlobo zalo, uhambo olusuka kulwazi ukuya kusasazo lulandela amaqondo amahlanu.

Ukwenziwa kwedinga: Ucwangciso nokubhalwa kweskripti

Le nkqubo iqala ngoxwebhu lokucwangcisa ingqiqo, inani labemi, kunye nokunika amandla okusebenza. Abakhi bahlanganisa iqela elingundoqo: umalathisi, udweliso lombhali, umenzi wophawu. Lo mqambi ubhala isangqa sebali lonke, ngoxa umbhali ngamnye ebhala inyama ngaphandle kweziganeko ezithile. "Ibhodi ekwaziyo [[FLT: 0]] [[FLT]] [[FLD]]] [1] kwi-Japann-ifumana iplani yendlela yokubonisa umboniso wonke. I-FRIPP idlulisela ii-engile zekhamera, ixesha, kwaye ibetha ngendlela ephumelelayo, ikhomba i-aftware yemvakalelo phambi kokuba ifunxele enye. Kwiminyaka yovavanyo, ii-Proglestings zisoloko zenziwe kwi-Probeard, kodwa ibhodi yesiqhelo iyakwazi ukuxabisa ukuchaza kwayo yonke i-eppease.

Upopayi: Ukusuka Kwizakhelo Ezingundoqo Ukuya Phakathi

Ulinganiso lokwenene luqala ngesitshixo ukuzoba isiqalo esibalulekileyo somonakalo wentshukumo nganye. Kumashumi eminyaka, oku kwenziwa kwiphepha, kodwa ukutshintshela kwizixhobo zamanani kwaqala ekupheleni ko 1990. i-software efana ne RETAS! Pro kunye ne Clip Studio Pepagno ngoku iphatha imibala kunye ne compositing. Kodwa iigumbi ezininzi, ziquka uLinganiselo, iqala ngomgaqo wesandla ukukhusela ubunjani bemigxube. Ikhompyutha-geoveveve isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuphatha i-mendo e-injini, iimoto, nezihlwele, kodwa ihlala ingu-2D ingumngeni ozinzileyo. I-CFFT [FFFFON], njenge-FFOLD [20], i-effective syst systems, kwaye isebenzisa i-octive syncf.

Iprojekthi yePhondo: Umthetho welizwi, isandi, kunye nokuHlela

Ilizwi elisebenza, okanye i-seiyuu umsebenzi, ubhaliwe emva kokuba ulinganiso lugqitywe, kodwa ezinye iindawo zokufundela zisebenzisa ushicilelo lwangaphambili ukudibanisa iprofile ngokuchanekileyo. Izixhobo zesandi ziquka iziphumo zefoley, isandi, nenqaku lefilimu. Uhlelo lokugqibela lungaba yindawo yoxinzelelo; lungaphosa imiboniso okanye iinguqu zemiba encinane ekhawulezayo ezisoloko ziphumela kwimveliso. Iziganeko ezibini ezingaqhelekanga zemveliso zinokuvela. Iziphumo ezingaqhelekanga zexesha eliqhelekileyo ze-[FLT] Intellion [[FLT:]] I-Naon Evangelion ikhona ngenxa yokuba ucwangciso luwile, lunyanze umlawuli ulawulo oluphosayo oluncinane, oluncinane lwengqondo ye-monk modecreat syncromessss, i-Adomediactivessssssssss, i-optleadiadiadiactived, i

Uhlolisiso Lweengxaki Zokuveliswa Kwemifanekiso Yomqondiso Noloyiso

Uhlaziyo Lwencwadi YeGenesis: Uqingqo - mali Luyasihla Luze Lusinde Ngokudala

Iganex's [[FLT: 0] ivangeli (195]) yisifundo kwindlela ukunyanzelisa ukuphumelela kwemiqathango yempahla. Ekuqaleni icwangciswe njengothotho lwemigangatho lwe-mecha, imboniso ejijekileyo ekwindawo ekhoyo njenge Anno iphithaniswe noxinzelelo kwaye istudio yaphelelwa yimali. Ukulandelelana kwasetyenziswa, kwaye isiphelo sabuyiselwa ngesenzo esinzima nophawu lwentsonko. Isiphumo se-fektha ebangela ukhupho lwefilimi yemidlalo ekhasileyo eyaphinda yasebenza esiphelisiweyo. Ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, ukunyaniseka okuluhlaza nokubona kwaphelelwa yintengiselwano. [FLFON] [12] [5]

Ingcamango Epheleleyo: IiNjingswana Ezibini, IiPhilosophis Ezimbini

I-fluct i-apple i-ant i-ant'eqhubekayo yesibini kwaye kufuneka ivelise i- i-franchist inika i-lebhu enqabileyo: i-manga enye i-2003 idityaniswe i-manga idityaniswe kabini. I-antime yafunyanwa kwimanga eqhubekayo kwaye kwafuneka ivelise isiqingatha sesibini sesibini, ngelixa Isininzi esipheleleyo sobuninzi sobuGcisa bobuGcisa [[FLT]] [[FLT] 0209] [2009]) ilindele isiphelo semanga kwaye inikezele ubuchule obuthembekileyo. Ukuthelekisa indlela yokukhutshwa kwemveliso echaphazelayo i-palgrase, udidi, nolwamfono oluthe kradio oluthe ngokuchana kwayo, ukuba iyakwazi ukuphumelela, ukuba i-ethe , i-ethe , i-ethe produss, i-eced , i-ethe , i-ethe

IHeroademia Yam: Ukuqinisa Ubunjani Ngaphaya Kwamaxesha

Ubuchule bokulinganisa obuphezulu bomjikelo buxhomekeke kwizenzo zokukhululeka, njengo Yutaka Nakamura, umsebenzi wakhe udityaniswe kakuhle kwimibhobho yeqonga. Imveliso yexesha elifutshane, kunokuba iqhubekeke kwiziganeko zeveki ngeveki, ivumela ukulandelelana kobungangamsha nokunciphisa. Oku kusondeza kumsebenzi wesibali somntu, ukunika umntu ixesha lokuhlala ngaphambili. Isiphumo singu-franchize apho imvelaphi yento ithengwa khona ngaphandle kokufumana umlinganiselo wento eninzi, kuvumela ukulwa nomgangatho ophezulu wendlela eninzi enzima kwaye kunciphisa ukudinwa.

Ukuhlaselwa KweTitan: Iphulo Liyaphunyezwa

Ubuchule be-Att Studio bobuchule be-Attack kwi-Titan (2013) i-Att Studio ityhalela imida yoopopayi beTV kunye nolwelo lwayo lwe 3D olusebenzisa izixhobo ezilandelelanayo kunye nobukhulu bomlinganiselo. Imveliso yayifuna ukuba kubekho ubuchule obuninzi phakathi kwe-2D kunye nobuchule be-3D bobugcisa bexesha langasemva. Le nkqubo yaba yixesha lokuqala lokubethwalwa emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ucwangciso lwaba lukhokele; isitshixo soomatshini abasebenza ngobuninzi obusetyenziswa ngexesha elinye. I-2017 (2017), i-studiod transted eyahlula umqondiso ozinzileyo kwiyunithi yayo, ivumela ukuba kubekho ubunjani obuthe-mdlamphungu. Noko ke, umsebenzi omkhulu wakhokelela ekunyameni konyaka odlulile, ukunyuka kwe-MaPPP.

Izifundo Ezifunyanwa KooMdali Namagcisa Ezobugcisa

Ukukhupha imbali yemveliso yezi ngcelele zinika uluvo olugqithisiweyo.

  • Ubunyani obuyinyani obubodwa buthintela ukuphelelwa kwamandla. Ukuphela kwevangeli okushukumayo, ngeli xesha kunika umdla, kubiza intsebenziswano yeqonga. Ngoku iikomiti zophumezo zisebenza kakhulu ekufakeni kwangaphambili ukukhusela ukunyibilika okufanayo. Ungcelele lwangoku olufana no Delemon Slayer: Kimetsu no Haiba[ lwaziwa ngendidi ezinde zangaphambi kokuqalisa ulwa.
  • [[NTL: 0] Iinguqu zobugcisa zojikelezo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yinqanawa engundoqo. Utshintsho lwe-cel-tom- digital lwalunamatye kwiqela lestudio, kodwa ezo zagcina isitshixo se-drawn yesandla zimisa kwaye zasebenzisa imibala yamanani ukukhupha ezo zanyathela kwi CGI. IGhibli' ifutshane kwi CG nge [FLT:] ewerkig kunye ne Witch[[FFLT:] [2020]) yabonisa ubungozi bokushiya imodeli yemode. Ngokungafaniyo, iLizwe le Lustraus lingqina ukuba i-CGI i-oggg inokuba ngobuchule obuphezulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuganana kwe-Falm likrele elinomphetho ophindiweyo. iingxoxo zabaphulaphuli zagcina abalawuli be-franchise bephila, kodwa inkonzo yepetroli eninzi ingenza ubuchule bobugcisa. Imveliso ephumelelayo kuluntu olukhuthazayo (imodeli yeGundam, umHro Academia's colicial comforement corences) eyongezelele umsebenzi wokuyila kunokuba imisele. Abahambi beeplat eglasi bavumela iiyunithi ngoku ukuba zibonise umdla phambi kwemveliso, njengoko kubonakala ngeliphulo le-Witch Accademi's [[[FLT]]
  • ukunyaniseka kobunyani kudibene, hayi kumbini. Ubuzalwana bungqine ukuba utshintsho lwemanga lungabethwa emhlabeni wonke, kodwa iFMA yowama 2003 i-FMA isenabalandeli abanikezeleyo. OoMdali kufuneka bagqibe ukuba usukelo lokuzitshintsha lukukukuphinda luchazwe okanye luchazwe kwakhona, kwaye banxibelelane ngokucacileyo neqela. Impumelelo ye [FLT:] Jutsuis [[FLT:] [20020]) ixhomekeke kwindlela yokuzingela ethembekileyo ye-I-MACH, ngexa IKaya-aya-sma] Uthando [FLT]
  • Intsebenziswano yemida edityanisiweyo ivula iminyango. unikezelo lwendawo yemidlalo yase-Akra eNtshona, kwaye kamva i-Netflix's ibonise indlela amaqela anokuxhasa ngayo iiprojekthi ezinqwenelekayo. Noko ke, ezi zifuna ukuqhutywa kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yohlalutyo kunye nolindelo lwabaphulaphuli, ucelomngeni olubonwayo kwiiplagi ze-iatry ye- SAILTORN [ Ngonyaka ka1990]. Namhlanje, ukukhululwa kwehlabathi lonke ngemikhosi ephumayo ukuqwalasela inkcukumiso engquthelanayo ukusuka ekuqaleni.
  • Ukufakela kwitalente kunika iingenelo ezinde zexesha. Udumo loopopayi beKyoto lobunjani lwenziwa kumsebenzi osisigxina noqeqesho olunzima. Iimodeli zeFreelance ezinzima zingavelisa iziphumo ezibalaseleyo kodwa ngokufuthi ngexabiso lokudinwa ngamandla. Ishishini lihamba kancinci ukuya kuqheliselo olungcono, kunye nokufumana igalelo eJapan.

Isiphelo: Indaleko Eqhubekayo Yokuvelisa Iamime

Anime production is not a static formula but a living process shaped by economic cycles, technological breakthroughs, and the ingenuity of its practitioners. From Tezuka's desperate budget tricks to Bones' seasonal rhythm, each era has produced solutions that reverberate through the industry. For anyone studying media production, anime offers a compact, high-intensity case study in how constraints fuel creativity and how audience trust must be carefully cultivated. The next wave—blending AI-assisted inbetweening with traditional key frame artistry, or experimenting with virtual production stages—will write new chapters in this ongoing story, adding fresh lessons for an industry that has always thrived on balancing art and commerce. As streaming platforms continue to globalize the market, and as tools become more accessible, the barriers to entry lower while the expectations for quality rise. The anime studios that succeed will be those that learn from the past while daring to innovate—just as theyISebe libonise ukuba[[UMTL]