Ihlabathi esihlala kulo namhlanje lingumphumo wewaka leminyaka lomgudu womntu, ingxabano, kunye nohlahlo. Ixesha ngalinye lashiya uphawu olungasokuze lucinywe, lifak' isandla kwibala elintsonkothileyo lempucuko. Kunobuntlola bemihla, imbali ihlala kumaqumrhu ethu, ubugcisa bethu, kwanakwindlela yethu yobuqu. Olu hambo luhlola ixesha iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezayila ihlabathi lanamhlanje kwaye ziguqula ukuchazwa okuboniswa egameni lakho.

Impucuko Yamandulo: Isiseko Soluntu

Kude phambi kobukhosi basemazantsi eMesopotamia, amaqumrhu anzima aqala kwimifula etyebileyo yase Mesopotamia, eYiputa, eIndus, naseTshayina. Malunga no-4500 BCE, i- Sumerian yasemzantsi Mesopotamia yakha izixeko zokuqala, ezifana neUruk neUre. Ezona zinto zakhiwayo zahlala ziqinileyo yayiyindawo yomzekelo onzulu we-[FLY:2] i-CPUIN[[FLT] [[3]] malunga ne-3] BCE, inkqubo yokubhala eqinileyo evumela ukugcinwa kwengxelo ye-62, iikhowudi zomthetho, kunye noncwadi [[FLT] [FLD5] ekwakubethwayo.

Ngasentshona, i-Egypt ifake izikhukula ezithe ngqo zoMnayile ukuze zakhe ubukumkani obuzinzileyo. Pyramids ka Giza, eyakhiwe malunga ne-2500 BCE, ihlala ixhasa inkcubeko yazo zokwakha, izibalo, kunye nombutho ophakathi womsebenzi. I-hieroglyphics zahombisa iindongame zetempile, ichaza ukuma kobuthixo kwe-faroas kwaye ishicilela izithethe zonqulo ezidibanisa ilizwe. Okwangoku, impucuko yeNtlambo ye-Inter [FLT] [FLD5] [6] [2.1] [6] [1] [1] i-B1] i-BEstercecesss ebanzi kwizixeko ezifana noMohjoadro, kunye nomgangatho ophezulu wohlobo lweminye i-Harroptogro, i-ircevredia, i-injini ehamba i-

Kumzantsi Asia, ulawulo lweqela leenkwenkwezi [FLT] [1010-1046 BCE] lwaphuhlisa ukwenziwa kobhedu, ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo, kunye nombhalo wokuqala wamaTshayina okwindawo yoorenjikaliso. Oku kulandelayo uZhouust [ wazisa “umhla weSizulu,” intanda-ntanda-bulumko eyadibanisa umlawuli ngokokulawula ngokufanelekileyo, ingcamango ecacileyo kwimbali yamaTshayina kwaye isaqhubeka kwingcamango yezobupolitika namhlanje. Ezi ntlalo zifake iimbewu zorhwebo, umthetho, kunye nempucuko ezayakusasazeka kumazwekazi.

Ixesha Lamandulo: Intanda - bulumko Nolawulo

Xa sicinga ngesiseko sengcinga yaseNtshona, isixeko 68 samaphondo eGrisi yamandulo ngokukhawuleza sinyuka. E-Athene ngenkulungwane yesihlanu neyesine iBCE, izinyusi ezithandabuzekayo zobulumko obuqhelekileyo ngokungenayo ingxubusho, Plato[FLT][FLT] Plato ithelekelela irepublic elungileyo elawulwa yintandabulumko, kwaye u-Aristalit [[ wabeka isiseko sobuchule, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nenzululwazi yendalo. Umsebenzi wabo awuzange ulwenzile ulwazi lwaseNtshona kodwa waneyo kunye nolawulo lwe-Athene, nangona umlinganiselo olinganiselwe kwindlela yolawulo lwe-demokhrasitiki, uthelela ulawulo lwamany ulawulo lwamany

Ukuya entshona, isixeko esincinane kwiTiber sakhula saba yiRiphabliki yaseRoma, eyathi ukususela kuma-509 BCE yalungisa umgaqo-siseko odityanisiweyo kunye neengqikelelo phakathi kwee-consul, iNtsimi, neendibano ezidumileyo. Inkqubo yayo esemthethweni ("ephakamed à temes $(emphases") kwiZithebre ze-[FOLT]/empacs, imigaqo esele ikhonjwe kwimithetho emininzi esemthethweni. IRiphabliki ekugqibeleni yaguqulelwa kubukhosi obuphantsi kuka-Ausyustom, ingenisa kulawulo [iRom] [2] [2] [2] [2] BCERG] [1805], i-1951] ixesha eliphakathi kwemisebenzi yorhwebo, kunye nobugcisa be-Merikan, ithelela kulo lonke elo phondo.

Uloyiso luka-Alexander Omkhulu (336-323 BCE) sele ludityaniswe kunye nelizwe elikhulu elikwilizwe, lidibanisa ulwimi lwamaGrike nempucuko kunye namaYiputa, amaPersi, namaIndiya. Ithala leencwadi lase-Aleksandriya laba liphawu elibonisa ulwazi, kunye nenzululwazi, izibalo, kunye nobugcisa obungaphumelelayo apho ukuya kumaSulumane. Ngalo ndlela iXesha leSilakhstan lanika ilifa lokuphanda ngobulumko kunye nentlangano yezobupolitika ehlala idibene kakhulu kubomi banamhlanje.

AmaXesha Aphakathi: Utshintsho Notshintsho

Ukubekwa komlawuli wokugqibela weNtshona Roma ngo 476 CE kuphawulwe ngokwesithethe njengesiqalo samaXesha aphakathi. Kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo, iYurophu yahlukana yaba ngumsebenzi wezikumkani zamaJamani, ngelixesha isiqingatha sasempuma sobukhosi be-Byzantium , yanyamezela eminye iminyaka eliwaka. ubuFaldali bavela njengenkqubo elungele ulawulo apho izikhulu zanikela khona umhlaba zize zikhuseleke kwinkonzo yemfazwe kunye nomsebenzi, zidala uluntu oluminciphili olulungeleleneyo oluphila abantu abaninzi.

Unqulo lwamanyanisa emva kokuba uMlawuli uConstantine evumele ubuKristu (313 CE) buvumele iMilaydi. AmaMonaster agcina imibhalo yamandulo, kwaye iCawa yayila imfundo, ubugcisa, kunye nezobupolitika. iCrusades[ [1095-1291]), endululwa ngumthetho kapopu wokukhulula iYerusalem, avula iindlela ezintsha zorhwebo kwaye adlulisele ulwazi kwilizwe lamaSilamsi emva kweYurophu, kuquka inkqubela yezibalo, mayeza, kunye nentanda-bulumko. Ukudibana nophuhliso nochukutyekelo oluphambili lwe-Abbas Calipdaventive kwanceda ukuvuselelwa kwengqondo ezakuba nempumelelo kamva kunika amandla kwiNguquko.

Kanti ihlabathi lamaxesha aphakathi laphawulwa yintlekele. Ukufa okumnyama , okwancothula eYurophu phakathi ko 1347 no 1351, kwabulala uqikelelo lwabemi abangama-30-60%. uqhaqho lwemisebenzi enqongopheleyo abalimi abanikwe amandla, ababuthathaka, kwaye bahlwayela imbewu yotshintsho lwezoqoqosho. Iilali zonke zanyamalala, kodwa zathi zenza iimeko eziqinileyo ezindala, zivumela iindlela ezintsha zemveliso kunye nesimo sokubuza ezinye iinjongo kugunya ukuba zithathe iingcambu.

Inguquko: Ukuzalwa Kweengcamango

Ukuqala kwi-14thnucentury Italiyane, [[FLT: 0] u-Retaissance wabangelwa kukuphinda kuvuselelwa kwemibhalo yamandulo kunye nodubulo lobuchule bobugcisa kunye nobugcisa benzululwazi. Lisardo da Vinci[[FLT:] [FLT]] ucaciso lwentsingiselo yeNguquko: i-polymathesting enemizobo, oomatshini ababhabhabhabhayo, kunye nobuchule obufana no [[FLT:] Malona Lisa[FLT:] [5]] uD [FLT] ujovreg noography. [FLT] uninzi lwamandla angoko olulutyekileyo.[FLT] [FLT]

Ngokuhambelana nempumelelo yobugcisa, iNguqulo yenzululwazi yenzululwazi ngokusisiseko yaguqula ukuqonda koluntu indawo yalo kwindalo. Copernicus yaluphikisa umfuziselo we-geographic ngokubeka ilanga embindini wenkqubo yelanga, kunye ne[FLT]Galeio Galilei yasebenzisa itelescope ukunikezela ngobungqina obuthi ekugqibeleni buza kubhukuqeshwa kweenkulungwane zemfundiso. ushicilelo lomatshini woshicilelo [[FLT], owenziwa nguJohannesberg malunga no14, mhlawumbi waze waguqula kakhulu ubugcisa obuqhelekileyo, kwaye wavelisa iincwadi ezintsha, kunye nokusasaza ulwazi olunziwayo, kunye nolwando lwe-Gropulkst.

Umoya ofanayo wobukhali waqhubela phambili i- yohlolo. Abahambi ngenqanawa bamaPhuthukezi kunye neSpanish njengoVasco da Gama noChristopher Columbus bavula iindlela zaselwandle ukuya e-Asia naseMerika, beqalisa ukutshintshiselana ngehlabathi ngezityalo, izilwanyana, izifo, kunye nezithethe. Le Columbian Exchange ngokugqibeleleyo yabemi nezoqoqosho emhlabeni wonke, isiseko somhlaba odityanisiweyo esiwaziyo namhlanje.

Ixesha Lokukhanya: Ingqiqo Neenguqulelo

I- Ingcebiso yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo ixhasa isizathu, inzululwazi, kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye kwisithethe kunye negunya elipheleleyo. Abacingisisi bahlanganisana kwisalon kunye nezindlu zekofu ukuze bathethe ngentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika. [ John Locke [FLT]] waphikisa ukuba oorhulumente bafumana amagunya abo asesikweni ngokusuka kwimvume yokulawula namalungelo abo azuzwelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla ephembelela ngokuthe ngqo isindululo se-Merika seSindululo se-Inststrust. [[FLT] [FLT]] [FFLT]

Ezi ngcamango zagqabhuka zasebenza kumazwekazi amabini. IMvukelo yaseMelika [1775-1783] ngempumelelo yaseka iriphabliki yezomGaqo-siseko, ingqina ukuba ikoloni linokoyisa ubukhosi kwaye elilawulayo linokusekelwe kumthetho obhaliweyo. [[FLT:]] IMvukelo yase Fransi [179-1799]) yayiyeyona iphambili, ukuphelisa ulawulo, ukuphelisa amalungelo emfazwe, nokuvakalisa amalungelo ehlabathi lonke omntu, kwaye ekugqibeleni ingena kulawulo loburhulumente bukaNapoleen.

Kwangaxeshanye, iinguqulelo ezinzulu ngakumbi zatyhileka ngokuzolileyo eBritane: iMvukelo ye-Industrial. Imatshini ezilawula umphunga zithathe indawo yemiphunga, imizi yomsebenzi onzima, nezixeko zanda. Ijinny ejikelezayo, amandla, injini yomphunga isebenza, kwaye injini yomphunga ayizange yandise nje kuphela imveliso kodwa yabususa ubomi basemaphandleni. Ihlabathi lalingene kwixesha lenkqubela-phambili yezinto eziphathekayo, elihambisana nesiphithithithithi thwanga sisiphithiphithi ncam yentlalo, ukusuka kwi-somscralitistiki, ukuya kumazwe azimele iinkulungwane ezakuza.

Inkulungwane Yama - 20: Ukungavisisani Neenguqu

Akukho nkulungwane yangqinelana nomonakalo kunye nobuchule obugqithisileyo. Imfazwe yehlabathi I [1914-1918]) yachitha ulungelelwano lwakudala, yazisa ubukhosi obune kwaye yaseka iimfazwe zemizi - mveliso ngemipu, iitanki, kunye nezixhobo zemichiza. ISivumelwano seSivumelwano seSivumelwano seSingqi semfazwe yeSizwe nesiphithiphithiphithi-xhathi- , safaka ingqushu ingqushu yaza ingqushu yaza ingqubane yemfazwe yehlabathi yesibini yanceda ukusetyenziswa kobuNazi nokuphela kokuqala kwezixhobo zemfazwe zemfazwe. [FLT] [FLT] [FY] [FY] [FY] [FY] [FLT] [ith:45]

Iingxaki zezoqoqosho zashiya amanxeba anzulu. Udandatheko olukhulu olwaqala ngo-1929 ukutshabalalisa izinto zokuziphilisa emhlabeni wonke, ukugxeka i-laisezɛtɛfeire kapitali kunye nokunika unyuko kwiinkqubo zentlalo-ntle nezongenelo. Ngokuphandle, iinkokeli zolawulo lobuzwilakhe ezithembise ulawulo kunye nokuvuselelwa kwesizwe, okukhokelela ekunyukeni kwefascism eJapan kunye nemikhosi eJapan. Uloyilelo lwezizwe ezihlangeneyo ngo 1945 lwakhokelela ekumisweni kweZizwe ezimanyeneyo, ukuzama ukunqanda ungquzulwano lwehlabathi kwixesha elizayo, kunye neSindululo seSindululo sehlabathi Lonke samalungelo abantu ngo-19489, isibhengezo sengxelo sezizwe sexabiso esineengqingqingqi.

Imibutho yoluntu yalungisa kwakhona uluntu ngaphakathi. ICivil Rights Movement eUnited States, ikhokelwe ngamanani afana noMartin Luther King Jr., yachitha ucalucalulo olusemthethweni ngokuqhankqalaza okungenazidlobopho kunye nomthetho wesigqeba. Imizabalazo efanayo yokulingana kobuhlanga, amalungelo amabhinqa, kunye nokuthotywa kwemiqathango yarhoxa amazwe amaninzi njengeebukhosi baseYurophu. Ngeminyaka elishumi, i-intanethi yaqalisa ukunxibelelana nabantu ngeendlela ezingacingelanga ziso, ibeka iqonga lokulingana kwehlabathi elisele liphucuthe ncam.

IXesha Lexesha Elizayo: Urhwebo - mhlaba Nobugcisa

Isiseko se-internet yangoku yabekwa ngoo-1960 njengothungelwano lwasemkhosini kunye nemfundo, kodwa yayiyinkqubela-phambili ye-Web yehlabathi kwiminyaka yonyaka ka1990 eyayifaka kwikhaya ngalinye nakwipokotho. I-imeyile, i-enjini, i-ejes, i-meters, i-menu-media, kunye ne-cells zidibene, ulwazi oluchaziwe, kwaye zaguqula indlela esisebenza ngayo, ivenkile, kwaye zidibaniselana. Namhlanje, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezihlanu bakwi-intanethi, kwaye uqoqosho lwezimfo luqhubela emhlabeni wonke i-GDP.

Ukuhambelana kwehlabathi kwanda kakhulu ngezivumelwano zorhwebo nangamaziko afana neWorld Trade Organization, edala ukuxhomekeka okunzulu kwezoqoqosho. Ukubonelela ngoku kunwenwa kuwo onke amazwekazi, kwaye ukuvalwa kwemizi - mveliso kwelinye ilizwe kungazalisa jikelele kulo mhlaba. Ngoxa izigidi zezigidi zikhutshwe bubuhlwempu, le mikhosi inye iye yabangela ukushenxiswa emsebenzini kunye nenkxwaleko yenkcubeko. I-COVID . I-2020 yemilitha yolwaphulo-mthetho lwezoqoqosho olukhawulezileyo, ichaza indlela ingxaki yempilo enokuthi ngokukhawuleza ngayo ibangele ukusothusa inkxwaleko yezoqoqosho, inciphanelisa inkcube yethu.

Mhlawumbi olona celomngeni lungxamisekileyo lwexesha langoku lutshintsho olukhawulezileyo kodwa inkqubela inika izisombululo ezitshayo, i-carbon dioxide ekhoyo ukususela kwiNguquko yezoshishino inyuse ikharbon diokside kwiqondo elingabonakaliyo kwiminyaka engamawaka, ukufudumeza isijikelezi- langa kunye nokuqinisa imozulu. Imigudu yezizwe ngezizwe efana ne-Paris Acementssion izama ukudibanisa inyathelo, kodwa inkqubela ihlala inzima. Ubugcisa bunika izisombululo ezitsha, izithuthi zombane, ikharboldo/ko zixhomekeke kwintsebenziswano zezopoliti zentlalo-mstiki nent. Izigqibo ezenziwe kwesi sizukulwana siya kubumba igama lakho.

Isiphelo: Uhambo Oluqhubekayo Lwembali

Imbali ayisosiphelo esithe ngqo, isikhuseli se-artefacts; ngumsinga obalekayo othwala ngoku. Ilungelo ngalinye elisemthethweni, naliphi na icandelo lobugcisa, zonke izithethe ezikhoyo zixoxwe yiziganeko ezandulela thina. Ezi zibhalwe ngoonobumba babhalwe ngamacwecwe odongwe, iingxoxo zentanda-bulumko kwimimandla yase Atene, iidolophana ezimnyama ezifayo ezabangela uqoqosho lwaseYurophu, iinguqulelo ezathi zathi zane khutshelwa inkululeko-/onke zingene kumntu okhoyo namhlanje.

Igama lakho lingumsebenzi ophilayo, isandi esithe cwaka sephulo lomzamo woluntu. Ngokuqonda amandla alo abumba ihlabathi lethu, asifumani maphu yexesha elidlulileyo kuphela kodwa sifumana ikhampasi yexesha elizayo. Ucelomngeni lokutshintsha kwehlabathi, imozulu, kunye nolwahluko lwentlalo lukhulu, kodwa imbali isikhumbuza ukuba uluntu luye lwatshintsha kakhulu ngaphambili. Kulo mba mde, ngamnye wethu udlala indima. Ukhetho lwakho, ilizwi lakho, liya kuba yinxalenye yelixanduva eliza kuqhutyelwa ngalo usuku olunye.