Ukuvela Kwendlu Yamandla Yoopopayi

Upopayi wetoei akazange aphume kwikhamandela. Phakathi konyaka wama-1950, ushishino lwemifanekiso-bhanyabhanya lwaseJapan lwalawulwa kukuhlala kumagumbi e-ankile efana neShochiku, Toho, ne-Daiei. Iimpawu zokulinganisa zazinqabile, zazixabisa, kwaye zazisoloko zithunyelwa eUnited States okanye eYurophu. Abaseki beenqanawa `Kozo Nishimurara, Hiroshi Ikawa, ne Eiiiichi Yamoto/ithuba lokwakha iqonga lokuvelisa uphawu lwe-filimsmsm ezinokukhuphisana ngqo nemveliso ye-Walt Disney. Bazibophele ukuxhaswa yi-Filim engundoqo eToei Toei, i-columetate sher enzulu nengxoweni enzulu. I-Studiod yamiswa ngoJuly 31, u-Doga, njengo-Cei.

Kusukela ekuqaleni, abaseki baqonda ukuba umgangatho ozinzileyo wawufuna ukuphuhliswa kokusingqongileyo. Bafumana italente ephezulu kwintsaleko yeNihon Doga kunye nakwezinye iindawo, kuquka iYasuji Mori, owayeza kuba ngumyili wembali nodweliso lophawu, kunye noAkira Daikukuhara, umlawuli wexesha elizayo wemisebenzi emininzi yangaphambili. Iqonga elisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuqeqesheni, ukusungula inkqubo yoqeqesho efundisa zonke iinkalo lwesandla, ukusuka ekujikeni nasekupeyinzeni nasekusebenzeni kwekhamera. Le ndawo ivumela uToei ukwenza umsebenzi kwisikali nasinye isikali eJapan esakhatywayo. Eminyakeni yangaphambili yaphawulwa yingcingo elulayo: iqela lalikholelwa ukuba lakha ifomu yesizwe. [FTLD] [ToeUT]

Umongo wasemva kwe-toeiwar wabumba amabhongo kaToei. IJapan yayisakha kwakhona uqoqosho kunye nobuchule bayo benkcubeko, kwaye ifilimu yayiluhlobo oluphambili lokuzonwabisa. I-Diney's iWhite kunye neSeven Dwarfs (1937) Bambi [[[FLT:]]] [192] [1922]] [iii-i-i-i-FLTY] iboniswe eJapan emva kwemfazwe, ihlohloba abaphula abantu ngobuchule babo bokwenziwa kolwandle nobunzulu bemvakalelo. Abenzi befilimu bafuna ukungqina ukuba banokuphumelela ubuchule obunye obuphezulu. Uphuhlisomatshini ababona nje kuphela njengendlela yokuzonwabisa yabantwana kodwa njengendlela yokudlulisela amabali anzima nezithethe. Okubhethso lwemali kwiminyaka yokuqala, ukusukela kumsebenzi wobugcisa.

Imigaqo Esisiseko: Asiyomihlathi Nje

Imigaqo emine eyakhokela uToei ukususela ngomhla omnye, ubuchule, ubuchule, ukusungulwa, nokusetyenziswa kolwazi olufumanekayo, kwaye yayingazizo iingxelo zokuhombisa. Yanyanzeliswa ngezigqibo zokuqeshwa, uqingqo-mali, kunye neenkqubo zohlalutyo olungqongqo. Makhe sihlole indlela umgaqo ngamnye oguqulelwe ngayo kwisenzo esiqinileyo kwimisebenzi yeqonga.

Ubuchule bokuvelisa

Toei wakhuthaza ababhali bayo kunye nabaphathi bayo ukuba baphuhlise amabali angaphambili okanye utshintsho olutsha lwentsomi noncwadi, kunokuba baxelise nje imifanekiso yaseNtshona. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni isebenze njenge Panda neMagic Nyoka (1958), esekelwe kwintsomi yaseTshayina, kwaye kamva ungcelele lwangaphambili olufana noluthi i-Witch [ [1966], eyadala ngokupheleleyo i-gene entsha i-regen. I-studiod yayifuna ngamandla iziphumo ezingafaniyo, ezazigcine iziphumo zayo zisuka ekubeni yinkqubo yomgaqo. Ingqungqungquthelaneno yayisoloko ibandakanya ababhali abaninzi nabalawuli kunye nabaquququzeli phambi kwe-magrame. Le ngxoxo yentetho yokudala yaveliswa phakathi kwemiquluko kunye nento entsha.

Ubunjani

Ubunjani be Toei yayithetha ukuba zonke ifreyim zobugcisa zidibene nemigangatho ephezulu. Iqela lestudiyo lagcina umgangatho wolawulo olunikezelweyo olulungisa imigca ye-atomic elungele ukuchanabeka, imibala eguquguqukayo, kunye nendlela eshukumayo. Iimeko zaphinda zadityaniswa ukuba zawa kancinci, nokuba kwakuthetha ukuba zininzi kakhulu uqingqo-mali. Kwizicwangciso zobugcisa zangaphambili, kwakuqhelekile ukuba zonke ii-mendo zokuphinda zitsalwe amaxesha amaninzi ukuze kufunyanwe ulwelo olufunekayo. Oku kunyanzeleka kumgangatho weqokobhe lwakhelo kwaye kwenziwa ukuba ube nodumo lwezixhobo ezinqwenelekayo zosasazo zomculo. Ubunjani buye banwebelwe kwimibo nomculo; uToeii uthumelo oluthunyelwayo kuqala ukusuka kubaqambiso oluhlonipheyo, ukuphatha iingoma ngexabiso elifanayo.

Ukuqalisa

Ulungiso lwalandelwa njengendlela yokuphuhlisa ukuncokola, hayi njengesiphelo ngokwalo. UToe wayengumseki wakuqala weekhamera ezininzi, owanika imifanekiso ebukekayo intsingiselo eyonelisayo yobunzulu. Oononjineli be studio basebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye nee-aimator ukutshintsha ubugcisa bokuvelisa imveliso yamaJapan. Ngo- 1990, i studio etshintshelwe kwimibala yemivo kunye ne compositing, ivumela iingqokelela yengqokelela yemibala kunye nezilungiso ngokukhawuleza. Kutshanje, uToiei uhlanganise 3DCG kwi 2D imibhobhobho yemisebenzi yemisebenzi, njengoko ibonwa kunyakazobugcisa [FLT:] command , , command Broglg [[FLD:] .[FLP] . [20] [FFFON]

Ufikeleleko

Ufikelelo luthetha ukwenza ulinganiso lwawo wonke umntu, kungekhona abantwana okanye abalandeli abanikezelweyo. Ufikelelo lwezibali ezibhalwe ngemixholo jikelele --ubuhlobo, bulungisa, iziphumo, kwangoku ugcino lwezimo zempucuko yamaJapan. Lo mgaqo wasebenzisa ubuchule behlabathi jikelele: iqonga elifuna ngamandla ukurhweba ngaphandle kokunikezela iintetho zolwimi, luvelisa ulwaneliseko lwento zengingqi zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kukuthembeka. Unikezelo luye lwasebenza ukubalisela ukuntsonkotha ukuntsonkotha okuninzi kwebala, njengo [[FLT:] Iqhekeza enye , inokunandiswa ngababukeli bobudala obubo bonke. Izimbo kunye neengxelo zebali zabakho rhoqo, ukuvumela ababukeli abatsha ukuba batsi ukuba batsibele ngaphandle kokuziva.

Iimpawu Zokuqala Zophawu

Inkangeleko yokuqala kaToei, iTale yeNyoka emhlophe (1958), ekwabizwa ngokuba i-Hakujaden[, yayingumsebenzi omkhulu. Amalungu asebenzayo angaphezu kwe 13 000 ancedisa kwixesha layo le-1.Awuyenza ifilimu epheleleyo e-Japan. Imveliso yayifuna ukwakhiwa kwekhamera eninzi enikezelweyo, eyakhiwayo i-injini egronjiweyo. Incoko yamaTshayina ethetha ngomfono etsha etshana etsha edibanisa umoya wenyoka, ixuba iphupha intengo, iintsoko. Impumelelo yelizwe lelizwe elikhoyo eUnited States ibonise ukusetyenziswa kwekhamera ekwisigaba sobuchule obukhoyo.[5] [Fognomet] [Fome] [Fote]

Emva koko, uToei wakhupha umtya weempawu ezinempembelelo. uMagic Boy (1859) ebonisa ulandelelwano olunamandla lwesenzo, ukuzoba kwinkangeleko ye-Japanese yesixhobo sokulwa. Alukazam i Great[FLT] [[FLT] [60] [1960]) yazinzisa i-Diathow [[[FLT:] Journey] kwiNtshona[[ enombala ombayo okhawulezayo kunye nomculo oxubeneyo nophawu oluvela eJapan naseNtshona, uphawu lokujongwa kwento elungileyo. [FLT] Impekeleleka ecocekileyonke, umgangatho othe kokugqibela wobuchule obusuka kwi-Speyintineyn, "Geneat]

Ezi mpawu zikwanceda ekuqeqesheni isizukulwana se-aimator ezakuchaza ushishino lwe-aima. Hayao Mizaki no-Isao Takahata, abasunguli bexesha elizayo beStudio Ghibli, bobabini basebenza eToei ngoo 1960. Miyazaki wasebenza njenge ingcali yeqonga eliphakathi kwekhulu elinesibini [[FLT: 0] [iiGUL]] iMillis Ngaphayahar [[FLT] [1955] kwaye kamva yakhokela iziganeko [[FLT:]] uGOTY] uBoy Contin [[FLT3] [i3]] [iinjini]] [iiiiiiiiindlela] yemisebenzi yangaphambili. UTatina wakhokela iziphumo ze-Studia [FLT] [ir], i-Flkt-195], kunye nophawu lwamayela kwimizo zobugcisa.

Ukubhengezwa Koonogada Kukamabonwakude: Ukususela ngeyee - 1960 ukusa kweye - 1990

Njengokuba umabonwakude waba ngowokuqala ukubonakala kwiintsapho zamaJapan, iToei yasebenzisa imibhobho yayo yokuvelisa ukuze ivelise uthotho lweeveki ngeeveki. Wolf Boy Ken (1963) yayiyenye yezokuqala, kodwa yayiyeye i-Umvuzo [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [196] [66] eyaba ngumdlalo otshintshiweyo. Yadala i-gene i-genre, iphembelela utho olufana [[FLT] Calg [[5] [iFLT] [iFLT] [5] kunye [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [FLD] [FLT] [ishumi leminyaka elina] kamva. [ishumi leminyaka]

Ii 1970 zaveliswa [[FLT: 0] izizingisi Z (1972], ezamisela irobhothi enkulu i-genre kwaye zavelisa ngqo umnombo we Mecha oquka Gundam kunye [[FLT:] ne EGEGE] i-Eventation[. Inkqubo yokuvelisa iveliswa yenzelwe isantya nolwenzeko: amaqela asebenza ngokweziganeko ezahlukeneyo, kunye nebali elisembindini lokuqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka. [[FLT:] GEGEGE] u-eta [FOLT:] [FLT] [FT] [FTLT] [57] [3] , njengoko kuboniswa yi-GOKI] (19]) (19]

Ama-1980 achazwa i-dragon Ball (1986), eyaba yimeko yomhlaba wonke. Imfazwe yaso ephezulu neenguqu zophawu zaba yisikhokelo sesenzo se-amime. UToei wagcina ukungaguquguquki okuphawulekayo kumakhulukhulu eziganeko, isenzo esinokwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yoqeqesho olungqongqo kunye nenkqubo yomgangatho. [[FLT:] [12] Iqela lobunzululwazi [[FLT]] [1999] [1999], eyaqala ukuchaza kwakhona intombi yomlingo i-gere ngokwexesha elitsha ngokuveza iqela le-heroines elinobuntu obucacileyo kunye nokugxininisa ngamandla ebuhlotsheni. [FLT] [4] [1999] umqulu othengwe olude kakhulu]

Isibane Eziphezulu Nelifa LeMecha

Impembelelo kaToei kwimecha gente ayinakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. [[FLT: 0] UMZINGER Z [772] wasungula ingcamango yerobhothi enkulu eqhutywa yiqhawe, enezixhobo zomfanekiso ezifana neRocket Punch ne-belle gree greement. Unglethe transfnbown. Ungcet walandelwa ngu- Mkhulu [[FLT]] Mazinger[[3]] [777]] Irobhoti enkulu [iiiinjini] [iiiinjini] [iiiiindlela] yokulinganisa i-oyile elula [[FLT] Greg [[5]] [iiiindlela], eyaba nkulu kakhulu yokubetha eYurophu naku Mpuma ephakathi. Ezi zinto azizange zihonjiswe kuphela iindo zoshishino, imode ezisa ishishini eliseneyo. [injini yemidlalo, i-Playidiyogne, ijiza i-enjini ye

Irobhothi enkulu yasebenza njengesithuthi semfundo yokuziphatha. I-Episodes idla ngokuphela ngegorha eliqwalasela ukubaluleka kwenkalipho, ukusebenza kunye nokukhusela ababuthathaka. Lo mqathango wendlela yokuziphatha wenza ukuba iinkqubo zamkeleke kubazali nakubafundisi, zandisa abaphulaphuli babo. [iiinqanda-mfuno , ngokukodwa, iphumeza ubume bomfanekiso womqondiso kumazwe ama-Arabhu emva kokuba zisasazelwe kuma-1970 nakuma 1980, apho imixholo yayo yokuchasa nokulunga nokugweba idisana kwabethwa ngabaphula-mthetho basekuhlaleni. Ukuzimisela kuka-Eiei ukuqhelanisa ezi ndawo zahlukeneyo kunye nokulungisa ugonyamelo nokulungisa incoko yabo yehlabathi lonke.

Amantombazana Amagqwirha Neenkqubo Zendaleko

Ngokudibanisa umsebenzi, utshintsho, kunye neglowusi elinamandla yaqala yonke lento, kodwa uToei wayiphucula indlela yokuyilungisa i-Cutie vune [7773], eyathi yadibanisa intshukumo, utshintsho, kunye neqela le-pignognomes elinamandla. Umboniso wawubalasele uluphawulo olukhawulezileyo lwenguqulelo, oluthi lwaba yi-fester, i-ecedia, i-media, i-meacedia, i-eveneevel, i-eart, i-express, ne-expoint, i- trans, kunye ne-medians. Uhlolong, uthotho lwe-edia, lwe-eviding, lwe-injini yevidiyo, kunye ne-eviding, i-eting, i-ever, i-edictive, i-oct.

Ungcelele lwamagqwirha lwasetoei lubonisa ukuvela komfanekiso. Uhlolo lwangaphambili lwasetyenziswa ulinganiso olulinganiselweyo kwinguqulelo, kodwa u-Sailor Moon ugxininiso oluthe kratya oluthe ngqo lobumetamorphosis olubonisa ubunzulu beqophelo lweqonga lobuchule beqonga kunye nobuchule bobuchwephesha. Olu landelelwano lwaba luphawulo lwenkcubeko lwenkcenkcezo, i-parting projectal , i-partrupt. [FLD] i-204], eyathi iveliswa yi-magnethiligiew yamabali afana noognethi, inika ezi zingqini ezibonisa ubunzulu obusukayo obunqamle nezinyukileyo. Ukuqhubeka nokungena kwi-egen. Oku kusondeza kunye nezingwekazi ezintle zombini.

Indaleko Yobugcisa: Ukusuka KwiCel Ukuya Kumanani Ukuya Kwihybrid

Ukuzimisela kukaToei ukusungula izinto ezintsha kubonwa kakuhle ekufumaneni kwakhe ubugcisa. Ngeminyaka yee1960, istudio yaqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwekhamera yeplaneti ezininzi eJapan, yongeza ubunzulu kwimvelaphi kwaye yenza inkohliso yesithuba esingu3. Olu buchule, bobolekiweyo kwaye batshintshelwe kwiDisney, lufuna ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo phakathi komsebenzisi wekhamera kunye nesebe lokulinganisa. Iinjineli zikaToe zakha iziyilelo zeplaneti ezininzi, ezavumela ukulawula kakhulu kwintshukumo zekhamera kunye nomahluko womaleko.

Ngeminyaka yee-1970 kunye nee-1980, le studio yalinga ubuchule obulinganiselweyo bobuchule bokulungisa uqingqo-mali lukamabonwakude ngeli lixa igcina isitsalane esibonakalayo. UToei waphuhlisa inkqubo yokuhamba ngokuzimela okunokulungiseka, ingakumbi ukwenzela utshintsho kunye nohlaselo olukhethekileyo, olwavumela abaququzeleli ukuba bajolise amandla abo okuyila kwiziganeko ezingundoqo. Le ndlela, maxa wambi igxekwa njengokucuthwa kwexabiso, ifuna ucwangciso olunobuchule kunye noyilo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukulandelelana okusetyenziswa kwakhona kuvele kwiziganeko ezithile.

Utshintsho lwamanani lwango 1990 lwalungumsebenzi omkhulu. I-Toei yafakelwa kwizixhobo zekhompyutha ezinombala osekelwe kwikhompyutha kunye neenkqubo zokufaka, iqeqesha abasebenzi bayo ukuba basebenzise izixhobo ezintsha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yi-screen aestic. Iqosha eliye labekwa ngokuthe ngcembe ngaphandle kolinganiso lwe-cel, kunye nothotho lokugqibela lwe celbrgue olusekelwe kwisiqalo so 2000. Iifilimu ezifana [[FLT: 0] Ishicile: Akukho Bōken [2003] iziphumo zakuqala zemichini ekhoyo, kuquka iinkqubo zemigxube enika amandla okusebenza. Umbhobho wamanani wavumela ulungiso olusebenzayo lombala kunye ne comiting, ukunciphisa ixesha elifunekayo kwipost - modexmotion.

Namhlanje, uToei usebenzisa umbhobho oyi-druid apho ulinganiso lwe-2D lunolwandiso lwendawo ye 3D kunye neziphumo zemifanekiso emikhulu yesikali. Iziphumo ziyabonakala kwi [[FLT: 0] Ball Super: Broly (208), apho ulandelelwano lokulwa lusebenzisa ulwelo lwezichaphazelo zekhamera ye-3D ngelixa ugcino lobugcisa bobugcisa obucacileyo. I-studiodio i-sdio i-ANCONFING EP, kodwa ngokujongelwa nobuchule babantu ukuqinisekisa ubuxhakaxhakaxhaka. Le sygmatic yamkela ubuxhakaxhakaxhaka bobugcisa obubodwayo ukusuka kumsebenzi wokusungulwa kwento. Ukungalungela umgaqo wezolwazi. Ukungalufumani ubugcisa lobugcisa lobugcisa ngenxa yentengo; isixhobo ngasinye sisekelwe kwiziphumo ezisebenzayo.

Ukwanda Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nempembelelo Yenkcubeko

Iminqweno yehlabathi lonke yayingeyiyo eyasemva kwengcinga; yayisele iqatshelwe kumgaqo wokusekwa kokufumaneka. Ngoo 1960, uToei wayesele ethumela izinto kwi United States kunye neYurophu. ITale yeNyoka eWhite[ yakhutshelwa kwi U.S. ngaphantsi kwesihloko [[FLT:]] i-INT] i-Panda ne-Magic Nyoka [ifilimu eyahlukileyo] (emva yakhululwa ngesihloko esifanayo, idala ukudidedeleka), kwaye [[FLT:] [FLT] [5] [5] [iiFLT] [iFLD] [iFLD] .NXekaniswe ngoncedo lwamanyukelelwa ngoncedo lwamanyuko.[4]

[[FLT: 0] I-SAILOR Moon ngokufanayo yafakwa kwindawo efanayo kwiimarike ezininzi, yaba ngumboniso ochazayo wesizukulwana sonke samantombazana ehlabathini jikelele. Olu ngcelele luthunyelwa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-40, lunezinto ezifakelweyo ezakhupha ezinye iimbekiselo zenkcubeko zenkcubeko yaseJapan kodwa zagcina iintsokotho engundoqo yobuhlobo nobuqhawe. Ubuchule bokwenza izinto zasekuhlaleni bebubobo okwendlela yokusebenza: basebenza ngokusondelelene nezizwe ngezizwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zidibanise imilinganiselo yosasazo yasekuhlaleni ngexesha ezigcina iimpawu eziye zaziwayo. Oku kwafuna ukuvuma ukutshintsha abasebenzi, maxa wambi iziganeko, zonke zigcina ingqibelelo yebali lokuqala.

UToe wakwahlaliswa nakwiimarike kwimimandla yama-Arabia ezisoloko zingahoywa zezinye iindawo zokusebenza. Baseka iinkqubo zokusasaza ezinamandla kuMbindi Mpuma, kwi-Latin America, naseMzantsi mpuma Asia. Babonisa njenge [[FLT: 0]] Grendivator[[ [iindawo yomqondiso kumazwe ama-Arabia, apho yaphumela phantsi kwegama [iiiiiindlela] yokusasaza [inqanawa]] exhobisayo [iiimfuno-agnognogn's' [iiiinjini] kwaye yaphembelela isizukulwana se-amscreyithis, ifumana uninzi unikezelo lwezixhobo lwamaninzi kwiilwimi kunye nokusasazwana ezinkulu. Ukulungisa iimbo zonqulo, kunye noknandidizo zobungini olukhoyo, unyusolu lwabiwo oluninzi lwezixhobo lwamaninzi lwezixhobo, olufumaneka kakhulu, oluninzi olufumanekayokusetyenziswayo, luye lufumaneka ka-X.

Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli: Isizathu Sokuba Kusenento Ebalulekileyo

Ngaphezu kwamashumi amathandathu eminyaka emva kokusekwa kwayo, uThoopeyi uyaqhubeka ulawula ushishino lokuzonwabisa lwehlabathi lonke. Ithala lazo liquka ezinye zezisemgangathweni zezobulumko ehlabathini: Iceba elinye kuphela elibangele amawaka ezigidi zengeniso ngosasazo lukamabonwakude, iifilimu, iimpahla, kunye nemidlalo yevidiyo. Iqonga leqonga liyaqhubeka livelisa amaxesha amatsha kunye nemifanekiso eshukumaskobhethi, ngokufuthi liqhekeza iingxelo zebhokisi ze-ofisi eJapan kunye nezizwe ngezizwe. I-Dragonion Bluepu: [[FLT:] Filut] ifumane ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingamawaka ze-R1, kunye [FLT] emhlabeni wonke, kunye [FLDifilm] kunye ne-ekhi yorhwebo olunengeniso oluphezulu.[FFFF:] [20] [20]

Kodwa ilifa likaToei alingorhwebo nje. Abaququzeleli benqanawa abaqeqeshelwe ukufumana ezinye iistudio, kuquka iStudio Ghibli's coversers. Ungcelele lwazo luphembelele abadali abaninzi eJapan nasephesheya, ukusuka kwiWachowskis (ocaphulayo [[FLT: 0]]] Izixhobo zomdlalo [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]]] njengempembelelo) kwi-Western autotorsss abakhulela kwi RAMFLD kunye [FLT] ne[FLT] Shoolmer [FFFLD] [FFLD] [5].. Amagama abonakalayo e-imim, izibonelo ezithelekisayo, iindlela ezithe kracring, iindlela zokutshintsha amatyala [iezo zobugcisa zokuveza ii-tooptoogromey-echne.

Imigaqo emine yokuseka, ubunjani, ungeniso, ufikelelo-lwazi, ukusungula, isibindi semisebenzi yonke. Ikhokela izigqibo apho i-manga izakutshintsha khona, indlela yokunikezela uqingqo-mali, nendlela yokuthengisa emhlabeni wonke. Ubuchule bukaToe bokubhekiskha ngelixa uhlala unyani kumaxabiso angundoqo wayo bufunda kubuchule obude beshishini. Kushishino apho iprojekthi iqala khona kwaye iyehla, apho iscaracs zinyuka khona kunye nehla nexesha elitsha, uToi ibonise ukuba isibopho esiqinileyo sokuchaza intengiso kunye nenqwelo-moya, kunye nokuvuma ukutshintsha, ukudala utshintsho, ukudala umdangatho ohlala uhleli. Ukuba ngoo notshebelo olukhoyo [FLT: 0] u-ALT [FFF] udibanisa izinxulumane noondo lwayo.