Apo Hayao Miyazaki’s Yakavhurwa mu 2001, yakaita zvinopfuura kuputsa zvinyorwa zvebhokisi rehofisi muJapan ndokuwina Academy Award nokuda kweProfectiond Ementation. Firimu yacho yakapa nyika yakaoma, yakagadzirwa nokungwarira umo zvitendero zvekare zvevanhu uye funganyo dzazvino uno zvinobonderana mukati meimba yokugezera yemidzimu. Chirongwa ichocho, nzvimbo yerimaniki pakati pemunhu nezvinoyera, chakabvumira Miyazaki kugadzira chisiko chapasi cheShinto, yōkai, uye kurondedzera kwavanhu munhoroondo yenzanga inonzwa pane imwe nguva huru yeJapan neasingakarirwi. Mugumisiro wacho ibasa iro rinodzokororwa, nerevoro yezvinoreva zvichipfuurira kupfuvura makumi amakore amakore pashure pokubudiswa kwaro.

Chisaririra cheShinto: Kutenga Nenyika Yemidzimu

Kunzwisisa kuvakwa kwe [[FLT: 0] — zvinhu zvinogara muzvinhu zvomusikirwo, zvinokudzwa, uye kunyange munhu akaitwa zvinhu. Muitiro weShinto kuchenesa mamiriro ose. Shinto, gamuchidzanwa romudzimu reJapan, zvinoziva zvisingaverengeki [kami — — zvinhu zvinogara muzvinoitika zvomusikirwo, zvinokudzwa, uye kunyange munhu akaitwa. Muitiro weShinto ndiko kuchenesa ([[FLT: 4)] hoohai ), inodzorera chiyero uye inobvisa kushatisa kwomudzimu. Hotera mufirimu haisati iri nzvimbo inoyera mupfungwa yazvino unoshatsa vanhu; inzvimbo inoyera apo vamwari vanozvichenesa vamene. Iyi miitiro inoshamba inoshatsa nokushamba inoshatisa.

Mutungamiriri weimba yokugezera weimba yokugezera, Yuba, unobatanidza uviri hunogarwa mumizhinji. Iye anotyisa uye anorera — mukadzi webhizimisi anotyisa anoba mazita echiHindu uye amai vanoshamisa kumwana wavo mukuru, Boh. Hanzvadzi yake yepabuva, anogara muimba yakanyarara, anomirira munyaradzi, rutivi rune mutsa rwesimba rimwe chetero rinopfuura romuzvarirwo. Uku kuvapo kwavakadzi kunoratidzira nzwisiso youShinto kuti umwari hahuna kunaka nomutoo wakanyanyisa kana kuti wakaipa asi simba rinoda ruremekedzo nerunako rwenzanga. Apo Chihiro anokweda zvakarurama, kero, anogara muimba inokudzwa, uye anoshanda nenzira yokushingaira, anovamba rusununguko rwake — chidzidzo muukoshinto youchokwadi ([FT]: [FFF]]]

, mudzimu weradhisi unoshanda senzvimbo duku inogadzirwa. Bhiribhuromu iro Chihiro zvikwaniriso zvinojeka pakati pezvisina kuchena nezvitsvene. Marasha sprites (] huswatari [), mudzimu weradhish, uye kufora kwavamwari vanosvika nechikepe vose vane mavara echitsama anoyeuchidza vaoni kuti simba rinopfuura romuzvarirwo harina kuvanzwa; kunongoda bedzi mugariro wakarurama wokuziva kuti uzivikanwe. Miyazaki chisarudzo chokuzadza terevhizheni nemidzimu yakasiyana, imwe neimwe inoshandurwa nechidzorero chakananga pakugadzirwa kwavo, imbirikanwa zvakananga kuchitendero cheShinto icho zvinhu zviripo zvichioneka nokuvapo. Nokuda kwechiShinto. [BB]

Ma Archetype eFolkloric uye Mutauro weYōkai

Kupfuura mutambo weShinto, Yakaratidzirwa Kure [[FLT: 1]] inokweva zvakajeka pagamuchidzanwa rakapfuma reJapan neyōkai — zvisikwa zvisingaoneki zvinovambira paupengo kusvikira kuivoni. Hapana chiso, chinoshamisa, chimiro chinoyeudzira zvikurusa chebhaisikopo, irondedzero yazvino uno yeyōkaichero. Nechisipo, chakafanana nechomupiki, chakafanana ne ] na[FLT] b [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [chiso] (chiso chisina maturo), Apo), Aiwari pakutanga anoratidzika kuva ane ruzha uye musere. mano ake okubudisa ndarama uye nzara yake mukati mebhawamubhawa anomuita chishatsa. Ichi hachisi chinjowo chapangikarirwa sechipameso chavanhu vose vanoshatsa.

Haku, dragoni duku anobetsera Chihiro, ndimumwe munhu wedzinza rinorambwa nokuda kwavateereri vazvino uno. Iwo mudzimu weKohaku, mugwagwa wemvura waichimbova wakachena wakazadzwa uye wakagadzirwa nokuda kwezvivako zvamafurati. Mungano yeJapan, nzizi dzinoratidzirwa kazhinji kazhinji semadragoni, uye mwari wedragoni uyo akarasikirwa nomusha wake nezita rake sedimikira rine simba nokuda kwokukura kusingadzorwi. Haku kuzivikanwa kukuru sedragoni yakaisvonaka uye mushandiri akareverwa kuti Yuba kuenzanisira kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvinofamba sei — muviri nomudzimu — anogona kushatisa pfungwa yake kuva pfungwa yokuzviporesa kwake. Kuporesa kwake, kunova kunobvira bedzi apo Chiro anoyeuka zita racho, mashoko anobva muchimiro chokuyeuka, uye kuyeuka chinhu chimwe.

Mufungo weRwizi unooneka se “mudzimu wokunwa” ([[FLT: 0]] kurova kwakaipa zvikuru kwebhaisikopo ) unogovera mufananidzo webhaisikopo unojeka zvikurusa. Unozvinyima nokuda kwokunhuwa kwayo neoze, mudzimu unoshambidzwa naChihiro, uyo anobvisa chiitiko chinosvibisa rwizi rwakashata — bhasikoro, midziyo, vhiri, inovhara vhiringiswa — kubva kurutivi rwayo. Kana wacheneswa, unozvizivisa umene umene savanhu vane simba remvura rakafanana nerokukwira. Rondero, rinoshumwanwa naMiyazaki amene anobvisa chiitiko chakashata, anochinja njodzi yemhoteredzo kupinda muvhairasiro, inodoki. Irona mukwana muzukuru wemvura yemvura ya [FGrolection] [2]

Taura Kuba, Kuzivikanwa, uye Kuchinja Kwako

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinovhiringidza zvikuru zveimba yokugezera ndechokubira Yuba mazita evashandi vake. Chihiro anova “Sen,” Haku anova muroyi asina zita, uye vamwe vashandi vasingaverengeki vanoratidzika kuva vakakanganwa kuti ndivanaani zvirokwazvo. MuJapan, zita rine simba guru; kuziva zita rechokwadi rechimwe chinhu kuva nesimba pariri. Pfungwa iyi inooneka muchinhu chiri chose kubva kuwracc [FLT] [matalenta] [ku] kumunhu]. Miyaza inowedzerazve, ichishandisa zita rokuba sedimikaria rekuti munhu oga oga pasi pechi. Apo Krispo inova inosainwa chaizvoizvo ichava nzira inopinda mugadziriro yake yebasa rapamberi, uye pfungwa yake yokushanda kunze kwebasa rinopfumba, inopfuurira, uye inototoda basa rakaisvonaka. Vakadzi vanobatira basa rokushanda nesimba.

Rwendo rwaChihiro nderwekuyeuka. Anonamatira kupepa rine zita rake chairo, dumwa rinodzorera pakupedzisira kuzivikanwa kwake amene naHaku kurasika kwendangariro. Mukuita kudaro, bhaisikopo rinotaura kuti kuzivikanwa hakusi chinhu chakatsiga kutengwa kana kuti kubiwa asi ukama — hweyeuko nebatano zvinofanira kusimudzirwa. Uyu musoro unonzwika zvakasimba mutsika. Munhambo yenzanga yezviwiro zvenzanga nokusazivikanwa, kutya kuva mumwe mushandi anochinjanwa muNew York kana kuti Berlin sezvinoita muTokyo. Murangariro waSulm Napier, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji unonongedzera mufundo dzechinyakare, nzvimbo [FFF: FT]

Kurondedzera Kunooneka Nokurondedzera Sechigadzirwa Chemirangariro

Miyazaki anotungamirira uye boka revatambi vemifananidzo paStudio Ghibli vakavaka mutauro unoona unotakura uremu hwenhau sekurukurirano. Kuvakwa kweimba yokugezera pachayo idenderedzwa rakakwirira — rizere pamusoro apo Yubava anogara, anotyisa uye maindasitiri mukamuri rinovirira apo Kamaji anoshanda. Uku kutungamirira kweboka revafundisi kunosimbisa tsinhiro dzekirasi pasina mutsetse mumwe. Musiyano uri pakati pechitema, kunze uko Haku anosangana naChihiro, ndarama, uye mumvuri womukati unoparira kunyanduka kwenguva dzose pakati porusununguko nemusungo.

Mufananidzo wezvokudya unoita basa chairo. Apo vabereki vaChihiro vanochinja kuva nguruve, imhaka yokuti vanodya zvokudya zvinoitirwa midzimu pasina mvumo. Gare gare, kudya bhora romupunga rinopiwa naHaku rinopedza kuoma kwechihiro uye rinomubvumira kuchema — kubudiswa kwechibage kunoratidzira nhano yake yokutanga kunzvimbo inoshandira. Zvokudya pano hazvitongovi zvokudya; chiito chetsika icho chinokwevera vanhu mumhepo kana kuti chinovabatsira kupfuudza vanhu. Firimu yacho kukuvara kwezvokudya — kubuda kwechisero, kukwira kubva mundiro yebro — midzi yayo inoshamisa muzvinhu zvomuzvarirwo, kuita kuti chiwirirane ndangariro chapamhete.

Joe Hisaishi, yakasimbiswa nomusoro unodzokororwa wepiyano unoti “Zuva reChimwe Chirimo,” rinoshanda somutambi murudyi rwaro. Nziyo dzinomutsa kushuva nokurasikirwa pasina kumboshandisa. Inomuka uye inonaya nenzvimbo dzemirangariro dzaChihiro, ichishandisa kurongedzeka kuduku mukati menhambo dzakanyarara (chitima pamusoro pemvura) uye inozvimba bedzi apo nhau yacho inoiraira. Rwendo rwakakurumbira, runodokuva rusina shoko, iboka guru mukushandisa nzira nemufananidzo kuendesa, kuparadzana, uye runako rwechiJapan — pfungwa yacho. [[FLT:]

Kugara Kwako, Kuda Kutenga, uye Kubudirira

Nepo nhevedzano yeRwizi Spirit iri mashoko akawandisa emhoteredzo, bhaisikopo rose rakanyura mufunganyo pamusoro poukama pakati pavanhu nenyika yomusikirwo. Imba yokugezera iripo munzvimbo iyo Miyazaki akarondedzera seyakafuridzirwa nenzvimbo dzinosiiwa dzeMinda uye rudo dzehotera dzakapoteredza Japan mukati momupedzi wemari, kudzongonyedzwazve nechisiko. Rwizi rwaHaku, Kohaku, rwakava rwakanangidzirwa panzvimbo yezvivako, ruchinoumba kwete bedzi rutivi rwenzvimbo yenzvimbo asi chinhu chomudzimu. Apo Chihiro anoyeuka achiwira murwizi somwana, anodzorera yeyeukwa kwebudiriro yenyika yakanga yaedza kubvisa. Chinto yokurangarira iko chako serumuko rwomunhu somunhu oga.

Mubatanidzwa wefirimu yacho wakasimba zvikuru. Mari yose yeimba yokugezera yakavakirwa pakunyanyisa: vamwari vanopedza ndarama panzvimbo dzokushambira dzakashata, vashandi vanopara mari nokuda kwezvisaririra, uye kusagutsikana kwechinofinha idenda rinotyisa romutengi. Iye anodya vashandi vatatu, anorutsa ndarama, uye anoramba achirayira zvakawanda, asi haatongonzwi agutsikana. Iri hari shoko ramanomano. Iri shoko rapabonzve. Rinotaura zvakananga kushaikwa kwepost-brubledaise yeJapan, asi rinoratidzirawo funganyo yenyika yose yezana yezana rechi21 — kubva pakuparadzwa kwechadenga. Dhavi, nokuda kwenzira yarose, nokuda kworunako rwayo, munhu ari wose, kupfumidzwa nezvishuvo zvavo, zvakapfumbadza.

Rwendo rwaHeroine: Chihiro Ogino uye Kurambwa KwechiHeroic Clichés

Chihiro haasi munhu anonyanya kuzivikanwa, ane makore gumi okukura, whiny, uye anonyara mumuviri, anopinda munyika yemidzimu yakatyiswa uye isingadi. Kukura kwake hakubvi nokuwana masimba amashiripiti kana kuti kukunda mhondi inorwisana. Panzvimbo pezvo, anodzidza kushanda, kunzwira tsitsi midzimu ine ushoma yakamupoteredza, uye kuva nomutoro nokuda kwezvikanganiso zvake amene. Iri bheji rinokanganisa “rwendo rwechirume” nokuda kwomunyaradzi, muenzaniso wokukura unowanzonzi rwendo rweheroine. Kukunda kwake mabasa okungwarira: kuchenesa Mudzimu woRwizi, Kuramba ndarama yaBhovhov, uye kubetsera mwana anotyisa kuti adzidze kufamba, uye kusarudza kusununguka kupfurikidza namasimba masimba.

Iyi fano inoumba chihiro inoita kuti chiro chive chinhu chakasimba nokuda kwomwana upi noupi (kana kuti mukuru) uyo akanzwa akundwa nechinjo yakamwe kamwe, yehasha. Unyanzvi hwezuva nezuva hwaanoshandisa — kusunga tambo, kushambidza uriri, kugovera mushonga unovavara kwazvo — zvinoratidzirwa noruremekedzo rumwe cheterwo runowanzochengeterwa nokuda kwokurwa nomunondo. Mashoko makuru pamusoro pekukosha kwebasa rezuva nezuva nokutsungirira. Panguva apo mabhaisikopo akawanda anoorora anonangidzira panhauro dzakasarudzwa, Miyazaki akaomerera kuti simba rokuyeuka zita romunhu uye kuti “uonga iwe ndihwo uhwo uhwo hune simba zvikurusa hunogona kuva nahwo. Uzivi uhwo hunopa unyoro [FL: 0] UH.[FLD]

Nhaka Yenyika Yose uye Kushandiswa Kwemari Yokutaura Zvakajeka Tsika

Rubudiriro rwefirimu yacho kunze kweJapan pakutanga rwakashamisa vamwe vacherechedzi veindasitiri. Nhau yakazadzwa sei netsika dzeShinto, midzimu isingaoneki, uye zvisikwa zvinozvimirira zvinofadza vateereri muTexas kana kuti Toulouse? Chikamu chemhinduro yacho chiri muKuramba kwaMiyazaki kutsanangura. Hapana mutambi anopindira anopinda kuti arondedzere kami kana kuti kushandura mashoko etsika. Nokubata nyika yayo inoyevedza seyakangwa uye iri pachena, Shood Leat [[# FLT:1] anokumbira vaoni kuti vaite basa rokuzvidudzira vamene. Uku kuremekedza kunyudza kweva vateereri kuti vanzwe kuti fungidzirwe. Kugeza kwacho hakusi musoro wepaki yemapaki; [FLT.

Kugamuchirwa kwokutsoropodza kwefirimu racho kwakasimbisa mugariro wayo. Roger Ebert, uyo akaridana kuti rimwe ramafirimu anokwezva zvikurusa enguva dzose, akacherekedza simba raro rokufadza pasina kugutsa. Munzvero inoyera[[[FLT:]], akanyora kuti “inoreva chinhu chaichoicho chinoratidzika kuva chakaisvonaka.] Academics yakapfuurira kubudisa fundo dzinobatanidza imba yokugezera kunhau [FLT] tsika, musoro wezivikanyo kuJapane, uye magadzirirwo ounyanzvi hwemipumburu yemipumburu yeYō inogadzirwa nameso munyika yose. A21 mufundo [FLT] nokuda kwe [FL:]

Nhaka ya Yakafanana. Chifukidziro chisina kusiana cheHalloween chinongooneka bedzi munyika yose; chitima chinopfuudzwa nechizvarwa chevatambi, kubatanidza Petar Docter, uye mifananidzo yacho yazova mashoko anooneka. Chifukidzo chisina chiso cheHalloween chinooneka pamicheka yeHalloween; chitima chayamhara mumvura inonokorwa mumitambo yevhidhiyo nenhetembo dzakajeka. Filimu yacho inogara nemhaka yokuti haitongopinduri mutsika dzakapfava. Inokoka mucherechedzo mumwe nomumwe kuti itore zvaa zvavanoda — kuratidzira pamusoro pezvakapoteredza, chidzidzo mukukura, kana kuti kungonyaradza kwenyika umo mwari worwizi anogona kuyeuka zita rako. Mune , [FLD]