Tsika yeWhite Lotus yakatonzwisiswa senzanga yakavanzika inonyengera ine chinangwa chimwe, chinotsinhirana. Chaizvoizvo, inomirira musiyano wakaoma womudzimu newenzanga waiyerera mumazana amakore enhau yeChina, yakaumbwa nokupesvedzera nokukwezva utungamiriri hwesimba, gakava resekete, uye kushuva kupfuurira kwedzikamo. Kupfuura zvikuru nzanga yavapanduki, White Lotus yakanga iri chiono chezvizvarwa zvegore negore icho chakabudirira padzvinyiriro pakati pevhenekero yomunhu oga neboka. Kunzwisisa pesvedzero yayo, tinofanira kunzvera kwete bedzi midzi yarongedzero dzaro dzorudzidziso nemhindu dzenhau, asiwo rwisano dzinopfuurira idzo dzose dziri mbiri dzakaita kuti ikure uye dzakawana chinzwano yadzokorokororo yadzo.

Mavambo Echitendero Needzidziso

Chitendero cheWhite Lotus hachina kubva muchinhu chisiri chinhu. Chakapinza zvinhu kubva mumiitiro yechiBuddha yenduramo, chiDaoist diaist displany, uye chiManichaean discision, zvinozvibatanidza kuva chipikirwa chine simba choruponeso. Chikuru chaiva Amai Vasingagumi (MuMutengi Lawomu), mubereki woumwari uyo akanga asika rudzi rwomunhu uye zvino achitambudzika pamusoro pokutambura kwake mukutonga kwakashata. Vatendi vaikarira kuuya kwaMaitreya Budha, uyo aizovhenekerwa, uyo aizopinza nhambo itsva yetsinhirano yechisiko chose chose. Iyi kariro yemonia yakaparira kukwidzwa kwechikwechikurusa: kupwirira kwavanhu vakarurama kwaigona kuita kuti vapenge vapenge vachichinja kutongwa kwechiito chenguva yose — nguva yechisiko chose — nguva yapasi yose — uye kudzorera kutsinhiranyika.

Great Ming Code yezana ramakore rechi15 yakarambidza White Lotus sesekete reheterodox, asi ichi chirambidzo chakangowedzera bedzi donzo rayo. Vateveri vakaungana mumapoka maduku, akavanzika, kazhinji kazhinji anosangana usiku kuti apedzere kusimbisa magwaro, kuita rovedzo dzokufema, uye kugoverana zviono. Dzidziso dzaisimbisa rucheno rwetsika, rutsanana, uye yamuro. Nemhaka yokuti aya masero omunzvimbomo akanga asina dare rapakati, gamuchidzanwa rakanga riri mvura yakakwana. Tenzi mumwe nomumwe aigona kutsanangura dzidziso yacho, achiparira mhatsananiso inoshamisa yemiitiro iyo gare gare gare yaizoparira kusawirirana kwomukati.

Nhoroondo Yezvakaitika Nezveupfumi

Chikumbiro cheWhite Lotus chakawedzera mukati menhambo dzengwavaira yemhoteredzo nedzvinyiriro. Mumucheto woumambo hweMing, nhevedzano yokukundikana kwezvirimwa, mirakatira, uye kuchengetwa kwemitero kwoutsinye zvakasunda nzanga dzavarimi kunhauro dzeApocalypse. Apo nharaunda dzeManchu-Qing yasimbiswa simba pakati pezana ramakore rechi17, vatsigiri vazhinji veHan vakatsvaka utiziro muWhite Lotus network, vachibatanidza musangano nenyunyuto dzezvamatongerwe enyika uyewo tariro yorudzidziso. Pakasvika zana ramakore rechi18, nharaunda dzemiganhu yemakomo pakati peHubei, Sian, uye Shaanxi dzakava dzive nzvimbo yemhindwa yebato yemhomwe nyika, uoridzo, zviremera zvehurumende, uye boka rinokura ravashandi venyika dzenyika.

Nhamo yezvemari yoga haitsananguri kusimba kwesangano racho. Kwakanga kuri kubatana kwezvinodikanwa zvokunyama nechishuvo chomudzimu izvo zvakaparira chisungo chemirangariro chakasimba pakati pavatsigiri. Vimbiso yeapocalypse iri pedyo, inoteverwa nokutonga kwemakore ane chiuru kworugare, yakapa kwete nyaradzo bedzi asi nzira chaiyo yokupukunyuka nayo. Apo nhimbe dzinodzvinyirira dzinoitwa nemisha inovhozhokera hurumende, vatungamiriri veWhite Rotus vaigona kuumba idzi denho semarwadzo okuberekwa enyika itsva, vachishandura nenzira inobudirira dzvinyiriro yehondo kuva mikana yokuwana.

Vatungamiriri Vane Simba uye Vane Simba

Vatungamiriri mukati meWhite Lotus havana kutongoiswa muboka; vaitsamira chose chose pasimba rinokweva revadzidzisi vamwe navamwe. Ava vanamabhii — vanowanzonzi "vatsigiri" kana kuti“ vanatenzi vanoremekedzeka" — vakataura kuti vakabatana zvakananga naAmai Vasingagumi uye mano okuporesa vanorwara, kududzira hope, uye kufanotaura ngwavaira. Chiremera chavo chakanga chine simba resimba resimba resimba rakachena: chakapedza nguva ino vateveri vairasikirwa nokutenda musimba rinopfuura romuzvarirwo ratenzi. Mutungamiriri akakundikana kubudisa kumukira kwaporofita, kana kuti akaratidzirwa semunyengeri, aigona kusiyiwa usiku hwose.

Vatungamiriri vanobudirira vakasakurira dzikamo yokungwarira pakati porumwe rudzi rwoutsvene hwenyika norukudzo rwemazano. Vaifanira kupwisa vateveri vavo kuti rudungwe rwoumwari rwakanga rusingazununguki, nepo panguva imwe cheteyo ruchironga migove yezvokudya, kugadzira zvombo, uye kukurukurirana nezvikwata zvomunzvimbomo. Iri basa rimwe nerimwe rakaparira dzvinyiriro huru yendangariro. Somuenzaniso, Wang Lun, uyo akatungamirira kupandukira kukuru asi kwenguva pfupi muShandong muna 1774, akavamba somurayiridzi nomuporesi. Akakwanisa kubatanidza masekete anoverengeka omunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nokusimbisa unyanzvi hwose hwokurwa kwomuviri nechirango. Bva kundikano yake kudzivirira mutezo wakasimba wakasimba noune ngwavaira, kuratidzira kuti utungamiriri hwokufara hunogona kubviswa nokukurumidza zvikuru paurongwa hwesimba.

Kubatana Kwesimba Romudzimu Nerakaoma

Chinetso chinopfuurira zvikurusa choutungamiriri chiri mukuyananisa mavambo okusada kurwa esangano nechinjo yaro yenhambo nenhambo kumukira kwezvombo. Magwaro apakuvamba eWhite Lotus akasimbisa kusarwisana, kuimba, uye kuvandudzwazve kwetsika. Asi sezvo kudzvinyirira kwehurumende kwakakura, vamwe vanatenzi vakarangarira kuti hondo isingagumi yakatenderwa kuchenesa nyika yamadhemoni — kureva vakuru vakuru navarwi vaibatira dzinza renyika yokumwe. Iyi fashoni yakaparira mukahasha pakati paavo vaitsvaka kuchengetedza gamuchidzanwa rakachena neavo vaigamuchira masimba masimba masimba. Makwi pakati peizvi zviono zviviri haana kutongopedzwa zvizere, uye akadzokororwazve mumhindu huru yose yeWhite Rotus.

Kusawirirana Kwaiva Mumwoyo uye Kugutsikana

Kuchena kweWhite Lotus kwaivimbisa kusimba kwayo panguva imwe cheteyo ndokuvimbisa kukamukana kwayo. Pasina kuzivikanwa kwomutumbi mumwe wevatungamiriri, kukakavadzana kwedzidziso kwaigona kukura kuva mapoka makuru. Masekete muHenan aiwanzosimbisa mitemo yezvokudya nokusaroora, achidavira kuti rucheno rwomuviri rwaikosha nokuda kwokukwezva Amai Vasingagumi. Munguva ino, nzanga muSichuan dzakaita ukoshi hukuru zvikuru panzanga dzinobatana uye kurima kunobatira pamwe, dzichiona kubatana munzanga sechiratidzo chikuru chokutenda. Iyi misiyano ingadai yakaramba iripo kudai isina kubatanidzwa nezvinokwikwidzana zvechizvarwa nokuvimbika kwezvikamu.

Pakafa mukuru wevadzidzi. Paifa tateguru akanga akwegura pasina kuisa pachena mutsivi, vatauriri vakawanda vaizokwikwidza nokuda kwechipfeko choutungamiriri, mumwe nomumwe anopomera kupandukira kana kuti kutengesa mazango nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga. Kukakavadzana kwakadaro kwakanetesa mano esangano okubatanidza chiito chikuru. Munyori wenhau Bardend J. tar Haar akacherekedza kuti kurwisana kwomukati kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kwaiita kuvadziko huru kuWhite Rotus ine mubatanidzwa wenzvimbo yapamberi pane kudzokoroka kweboka rehondo, nemhaka yokuti vakabvisa chivimbo chaibatanidza masero echivandedzero pamwe chete. [[FLT:]]

Makamu Ane Fungidziro Nechinoitika Chamasimba Masimba

Hapana gakava romukati raiparadza zvikuru kupfuura gakava pamusoro pokushandiswa kwapamutemo kwesimba. Dzimwe zvitendero, zvakadai sesekete reTrigrams Resere, zvakagamuchira boka rehondo rakarongwa uye zvakarovedza vadzidzi muhondo yamaoko. Vamwe, zvikurukuru mapazu okusataura, vakashurikidza kuteura ropa kupi nokupi sechishatiso chehondo yavagari vemo iyo yakanonotsa muganhu waAmai Vasingagumi. Apo varwi vakuru veVhite Rotus Region vakaputika muna 1796, aya mapoka akanyarara zvikuru akagara kurutivi rwemativi kana kuti kunyange mauto ehurumende kuti avhime masero okupandukira. Muuyo wakanga uri hondo yavagari vemo vomunyika imwe chete navanamati vekare vakava vazivi vechechi vaizivisa uye varwi vanorwisana nehama dzavo.

Kupandukira kweVachena (1796 - 1804) sechisimba

Kupandukira kweWhite Lotus Revsion kwakamira sechinhu chikuru uye sechiito chikuru chekuratidza kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwesangano racho. Kupesvedzerwa nemubatanidzwa weperevedzo yezvokudya, kushanda kwakawandisa, uye ugororo mumativi akakwirira emuganhu, kumukira kwakakurumidza kuva hondo inotora makore gumi. Pakwakakura, kupandukira kwaibatanidza mazana ezviuru zvavanhu uye kwakadyira mari yemari inorema mamiriyoni anopfuura 200 esirivha, kubuda kwemari kwakaderedza zvachose dzinza roumambo.

Pasinei zvapo nemwero wazvo, kupandukira kwakanga kusati kuri nhimbe yakabatana. Vatungamiriri vakafanana naQi Wangshi naYao Zhifu vaishanda savakuru vehondo vomunzvimbomo, kazhinji kazhinji vachiramba kutsinhiranisa denho kana kuti kugoverana. Mubatanidzwa wavo wemichina wemifungo wakawedzerwa noutungamiriri hwakapa mubayiro wesimba romunhu oga pakuronga. Mugumisiro wakakwirira wekuparadza kunze kwehondo wakanga uri mungozi yokunze: nzara, kutengesa, uye kupera simba kwesangano rakabatana uye kushandisa “nzira inovava neyakaruma". Kudzorwa kworupo kwapa kurangwa kworupo nevhu rinovava. Kupanduka muna 1804 kwakanga kuri mugumisiro muduku wokukundwa kwehondo kunze kwecho: nzara, kutengeswa, uye kupera kweboka rakanga rapisa mukati maro.

Nokuda kwenhamba yakananga yekupandukira, ona [[FLT: 0] Encclopedia Britannica yokupinda kweWhite Lotus Region, iyo inoratidzira zvinoitika zvikuru netapuro yazvo pakutonga kweQuance.

Kukundikana Kwevatungamiriri uye Mikana Yakakundikana

Kupandukira kwakaratidza kuti utungamiriri hwevapanduki hwaigona kuva hwesimba rakakomba. Madzishe akawanda akapoteredzwa nevapanduki vaitsigira kufungidzira kwavo kwokusakwanisa kufembera, vachifuratira mishumo youchenjeri yemasangano eQing. Kuita zvisarudzo kwaiwanzovakirwa pakuuka panzvimbo pokuongorora zvinhu. Apo mukuru aiwira muhondo, vateveri vake vaiwanzopararira, vasina nzira ipi neipi yokupinza nayo chiremera. Izvi zvakazvidzokorora nguva dzose zvokuti mauto akadzidza kuisa pfungwa dzake pakubvisa vatungamiriri vanozivikanwa, achiziva kuti nzvimbo nefandefa zvaizopera pasina kutungamirira kwavo.

Zvichida kukundikana kune ngwavaira zvikurusa kwakanga kuri kusakwanisa kuita mubatanidzwa wakasimba weboka reboka.White Lotus aikwanisa kukwezva ritari negant yomunzvimbomo, asi kutaura kwayo kweapocalypse nesonganiro yadzo neboka ravakuru vakuru vakadzidza vakarasika. Pasina unyanzvi hwokudzora kutonga nyika yakatapwa, masimba avapanduki akaramba aripo nokusingaperi, achirarama achienda kunze kwokupamba uye nokudaro akaparadza varimi vamene vaizviti vakasununguka.

Kutsvaka Dzikamo Mudzidziso Noupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Musoro unogarisa wesangano reWhite Lotus wakanga uri wakadzikama: pakati pedenga napasi, pakati pokusakurirwa kwomukati nokudikanwa kwokunze kweruramisiro, uye pakati penyika inooneka nedarma isingagumi. Uku kutsvaka tsinhirano kwakasimbiswa mumubato wezuva nezuva. Kufema kwakagadzirirwa kutsinhiranisa qi, simba rinokosha, nepo tsika dzenzanga dzaibatanidza kuziva kweboka nedenderedzwa rokudenga. Karenda yezvitendero yakachengeta mazuva okuberekwa oumwari senguva apo muganhu worufu nowoumwari wairamba uchiderera, kuchipa chiono chiono chipfupi chedzikano chetsika chechisiko chapasi.

Parasika, mudzidziso yeWhite Lotus, yakanzwisiswa somuuyo wekusadzikama — kushatisa kwakaparirwa namakaro avatongi avo vakanga vaparadza ukama hwakafanira pakati porudzi rwomunhu nechisiko. Naizvozvo, kupandukira, kwakanga kusati kuchingovawo chiito chezvamatongerwe enyika asi basa dzvene rokudzorera nhevedzano yechisiko chose. Ichi chitendero chakapa vatori rutivi tariro yakasiana iyo yakavapa panzvimbo yakasiana nenhambo. Bva chakavapawo pamuedzo muchimiro chakaoma: chiito chiri chose chamasimba masimba, pasinei zvapo nokuti chakarurama, chakaparira kusadzikama kutsva kwakada kumwezve kuchenetswa. Nhau yacho inogona kuraviwa senhevedzano yokuedza kupukunyuka ichi chimiro chiyamuko kupfurikidza nezvimiro zvikuru zvokuchenesa mumudzimu.

Dzikamo Yomunhu Oga Noupenyu Hwetsika Hwemusekete

Nokuda kwomuteveriwo zvake, dzikamo yakasakurirwa nebumbiro remitemo retsika. Refraing kubva pakuuraya, kureva nhema, kuba, mufambiro wevatano, uye kushandiswa kwevaipinda mumiitiro yepani yeBuddhist asi yakadudzirwazve muresi reEpocalypse iri pedyo. Vatsigiri vakadavira kuti avo vaichengeta rucheno vaizounganidzwa mu “Dragon Flower Congress,” paradhiso umo Amai Vasingagumi vaizogamuchira vana vavo somunhu oga. Ichi chirango chomunhu oga, apo chaishandiswa pamwe chete. Kubatanidzwa kwemibatanidzwa kwemitero inotsigira nyika yakagoverwa, kuvimbiswa, uye kuchengetwa kwechirikadzi nenherera, kuchiparira mugariro wegarikano womugariro muduku umo mai vasingagoni kuwirirana.

Kukudziridzwa kwomudzimu kwaidawo kukurira umboo hwokuzvitutumadza. Vadzidzisi vakanyevera pamusoro porudado, kuzvikudza, uye chishuvo chokuva nomukurumbira wenyika — miedzo imene yakanyengera mutungamiriri vazhinji kuva negwinyiro rokusangwarira. Kunyanduka pakati pevavariro yakanyarara yedzikamo yomukati uye sundo yokukurira udzvinyiriri hazvina kutongopedzwa zvizere, asi kwakaparira kurukurirano huru yomukati iyo yakatsigira kufamba kwezvizvarwa zvose. Nyanzvi dzemibato yavagari vemo dzakacherekedza masimba akafanana mumashoko anobva mumitsetse yenhambo yeMiddle Ages Centreaifing Kingdom, kuchikarakadza mukwarate womunyika yose mukuti nzanga dzinodzvinyirirwa dzinotsinhirana sei tsigariro pakati pezvizvarwa.

Nhaka, Simba, uye Kukudzwa Kwazvino Uno

Tsika yeWhite Lotus haina kunyangarika pashure pokudzvinyirirwa kwa1804. Zviratidzo zvayo, unyanzvi hwesangano, uye nhoroondo dzeapocalypse zvakaoneka kuva masangano epachivande akatevera, zvikurukuru maTriad uye gare gare Mabhokisi mukati mebhokisi eBoxer Unkrising. Pfungwa yemauto akarurama aigona kumira mukurwisana nehurumende yakaipa uye utongi hwamarudzi hwakawana nzvimbo yakaorera mumashoko eBoxer akanzi “Spurting, kuparadza vokumwe nyika.” Apo vagadziri vamabhokisi vanoshandisa miitiro yakasiana-petwa, zvidzidzo zveWhite Rotus — kudikanwa kwechipfuudzo, simba rezvitumwa nerevo zvechienzi, uye ngozi yezvikamu — zvainyorwa zvakajeka papepa ravo.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kwedzidzo nzira iyo White Lotus yakaumba nayo masangano orudzidziso apashure, nzvero yaDavid Asby pamasangano akavanzika eChina [[FLT: 1] inopa kunzvera kune udzame kwokupfuurira kwemibatanidzwa yesekete mumichinjikwa yemasekete.

Utungamiriri nemitoo yerwisano zveWhite Lotus zvinopawo kufanana kwapanguva imwe cheteyo. Sangano ripi neripi rinotsamira zvikuru pachiremera chesimba rinokwezva pasina kuronga kwakajeka kwokuronga. Nzira iyo kuchena kwedzidziso kunochinjira mukurwisana ifundo nokuda kwamasangano enzanga nhasi: pasina gadziriro dzakasimba dzokupedza nharo dzendangariro, simba rinopedzerwa pahondo dzomukati panzvimbo pekunze kwechinorwisana. Chinoitika cheVhiro Rotus chinoratidza kuti kuchena kunogona kuva munondo wakakomberedzwa nekaviri — mano okupinza masangano omunzvimbomo anokudzwa akasiana - simbirirano anoitwawo chiito chakasanosabviriranwa.

Chidzidzo chikuru, zvisinei, chiri mumurangariro mukuru wesangano. Kutsvaka dzikamo hakusati kuri chinetso chokupedzisa kamwe kamwe, asi muitiro wokuzvidzora kusingagumi. Vatungamiriri vakabvuma mvura iyi, vanoshandisa gadziriro pasina kuputsa nheyo dzapakuvamba, vakakwanisa kutsigira nzanga mumakumi amakore okudzvinyirira. Avo vakaomerera kudzidziso dzakaoma, kana kuti vakarega chirango chetsika nokuda kwokushatiswa kwesimba, vakaputsika nokukurumidza. Nhau yeWhite Rotus inotiyeuchidza kuti utungamiriri hwechokwadi hwakadzika midziro mukupesana musimba — kupesana netsika nedzokunze, munhu oga oga uye boka.

Mugumisiro: Chionioni Chenguva Yedu

Vatungamiriri varo vakanga vari vaoni navanonyengera, vasande navanyengeri. Muzvose izvi, kufamba kwakabata hope dzokudzikama kuti kurege kuva nehurumende, hakuna hondo, hakuna kutsauka kwaigona kudzima. Chiroto ichocho, kunyange zvazvo chisina kukwana, chaizivikanwa sedenho kuchizvarwa chiri chose, kuti tiwane tsinhirano mukati medu timene, ruramisiro munzanga dzedu, uye kuwirirana kusingachinji munyika yatinogara. Mukufunda chiVhite, hatisati tichingova zvedu neboka. Ari nyeredzi mugiramu rinoratidzira kurwisana nomumvuri, uye kupesana kwechiedza pakati pechikamu chimwe nechimwe.