Nyika yatinogara nhasi mugumisiro wemigumisiro yezviito zvavanhu zvemireniyumu, rwisano, uye zvitsva. Nguva imwe neimwe yakasiya chiratidzo chisingadzimiki, kuchiparira mibatanidzwa kutsika yakaoma yepepuko. Kure nokuva muunganidzwa wevhu wemisi, nhau inogara mumasangano edu, unyanzvi hwedu, uye kunyange muruzivo rwedu somunhu oga. Rufu urwu murwendo munguva runonzvera zvinoitika zvinokosha izvo zvakaumba nyika yazvino uno ndokuumba kuzivikanwa kunoratidzirwa muzita rako pachako.

Marudzi Akare: Hwaro HweSosaiti

Kare kare madzimambo asati apararira munyika, masangano akaoma zvikuru akamuka mumipata yerwizi yakaorera yeMesopotamia, Egipita, Indus, uye China. Munenge muna 4500 BCE, Sumeria [ yeMesopotamia] yokumaodzanyemba akavaka maguta okutanga, akadai seUruk neUri. Kutanga kwawo kusingaperi kwakanga kuri kugadzirwa kwe [FLT:] Cuneiformia kupotedza ku 3400 BCE, muitiro wokunyora wapal piringi wakabvumira chinyorwa, mapepa emitemo, namabhuku akadai seUrishma [FLT].[FLD:]

Kumadokero, vaEgypt [[FLT: 0] vakashandisa mafashamo eNire kuti avake umambo hwakatsiga. Pyramids yeGiza, yakagadzirwa kumativi ose 2500 BCE, inoramba iri testamende yemapuraneti avo, masvomhu, uye sangano rebasa rapakati reNairi kuti ivake masvingo etemberi, ichizivisa chimiro choumwari chevafaro uye kunyora tsika dzechitendero dzakabatanidza nyika. Panguva ino, [FLT:] shanduro yeIncus Valley [FOLD5] (c66]) (c661 BB909) yakashongesa kurongeka mumaguta saMohjoa Dropta, uye kunyora mitsetse yakaisvonaka, uye kuratidzira zvimwe zviteshina, kupfuro, kupfuudzira kwapa nyika.

MuEast Asia, imba youmambo yeShang (160:1046 BCE) yakakudziridza kugadzirwa kwebronze, gadziriro yakaoma kunzwisisa, uye manyoro okutanga anozivikanwa echiChina pamapfupa esvikiro. Masangano akatevera madzimambo [ akatanga “Mantate of Hea,” uzivi hwakabatanidza pamutemo womutongi kudzora zvakarurama, pfungwa yainzwika kupfurikidza nenhau yeChina uye ichiri kutevedzerwa mumufungo wezvamatongerwe enyika nhasi. Iyi shambiso dzenheyo dzakasima mbeu dzebhizimisi, mutemo, uye tsika idzo dzaizopararira munyika.

Nguva Yekare: Uzivi Noutongi

Patinofunga nezvenheyo dzepfungwa dzokuMadokero, guta remaruwa reGirisi yekare rinokurumidza kumuka. MuAthens mukati mezana ramakore rechi 5 nerechi4 BCE, Sakaratisi yakapanikira uchenjeri hunogamuchirwa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, Plato[[FLT] Plato] P [FLT] yakafunga kuti nyika inodzorwa nomuzivi muzivi akadzorwa nomuzivi, uye Aristatetlet [[ akaisa nheyo yetsika, tsika, uye sayenzi yomusikirwo. Basa ravo harina kungoumbawo ruzivo rwechiIslam nerome. Chizivi chehurumende chamatomuteverizimu cheAthene, kunyange zvazvo chakaganhurirwa kumite kumiteveridziridza mirangariro yavanhu yazvino uno.

Kumadokero, guta duku paTiber rakakura kuva Roman Republic yeRoman, iyo kubva muna 509 BCE yakakwaniswa nebumbiro remitemo rakavhengana necherekedzo pakati pehurumende, Dare, uye magungano akakurumbira. Sangano raro remitemo ((yemikaro) muMatanho ane gumi namaviri nembiri (Emphasel) inoita kuti mutemo nenzvimbo yakavanzika zvive, nheyo dzichiripo mumitemo yakawanda. Ripabhuriki yehurumende inozopinzwa muumambo pasi pe [[FGO:2] Pax Roman [[FLT] [2] [2] BCEFURD] [180 C), nguva mbiri dzerugare, pfungwa dzinobvumira kushamba, uye kugadzirwa kwemitemo yeBritain, uye kudzokorodzadzokororongedza kuBritain. Kubva kuBritain, kwaizosvika pakupararira kwoumambo hweRoma.

Alexander Mukuru akakunda (336-323 BCE) akanga atobatanidza nyika huru yeHellennic , achibatanidza mutauro wechiGiriki netsika neEgipita, Pezhiya, uye Indian. Raibhurari yeAlexandria yakava chiratidzo chezivo, uye zvesayenzi, zvemasvomhu, uye zvemhizha zvakawanikwa zvaizopukunyuka kupinda muGolden Age. Saka Classical Era nokudaro yakapfuudzira nhaka yokubvunza kwoungwaru nesangano rezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvinova chinhu chikuru muupenyu hwazvino uno.

Mazera Apakati: Kuchinja Nokuchinja

Kuiswa kwamambo weRoma wokuMadokero wokupedzisira muna 476 CE kunoratidzirwa nenzira yegamuchidzanwa samavambo eMiddle Ages. Mumazana amakore akatevera, Europe yakakamuka kuva basa renyika dzeGermany, nepo hafu yokumabvazuva youmambo hwacho(Byzantium) yakatsungirira kwamamwe makore ane chiuru. FUTDALism yakatanga segadziriro inodzorwa zvakanaka umo madzishe akapa nyika nokudzivirira mukudzokera nokuda kwebasa rehondo nebasa, achiumba nzanga yehove yakarongwa nokuda kweupenyu hwezuva nezuva nokuda kwevoruzhinji.

Rudzidziso rwakava simba rinobatanidza pashure peMurayiro waMambo Constantine weMilan (313 CE) wakabvumira kubvumirwa kwechiKristu. MaMonaster akachengeta magwaro ekare, uye dzidzo yeChechi yakaumba dzidzo, unyanzvi, uye zvamatongerwe enyika. Krussades[ (1095-1291), yakatanga nomurairo wapapa wokusunungura Jerusarema, kuzarura nzira itsva dzebhizimisi ndokuchinja zivo kubva kunyika yechiIslam kudzokera kuEurope, kubatanidza fambiro mberi munhambano yemasvomhu, mishonga, uye uzivi. Kuonana nevedzekero dzinobudirira dzeAbbas Calipdave zvakabetsera kunyandura ruzivo urwo rwaizoparira kukura.

Bva nyika yeMiddle Ages yakaratidzirwawo nengwavaira. Rufu Rwusiri Rupenyu , urwo rwakakwira muEurope pakati pa 1347 na 1351, rwakauraya 30-60% yavagari vemo. shomeka dzebasa dzinopa simba, dzakaneteswa, uye dzakadyara mbeu dzechinjo yemari. Misha yose yakanyangarika, asi naizvozvo yakaita miitiro mitsva yezvigadzirwa uye chimiro chokubvunza zvikuru kuchiremera.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu: Kuberekwazve Kwepfungwa Dzakaipa

Kuvamba muna 14thnucentury Italy, Renaissance yakafukidzwa nokuwanikwazve kwemagwaro ekare uye kuwanda kwounyanzvi nohuzivi hwesayenzi. [[FLT:] Leonardo da Vinci[[FLT:]] yakaratidzira donzo reRenazition: polymatomatic drakets, michina inobhururuka, uye unyanzvi hwakafanana ne [[FLT:] Malona Lisa[FLT:]] kuisa mifananidzo necherechedzo yemipiki. [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] Machilto]

Pamusana pezvinenge zvaitwa nounyanzvi, chinjo yesayenzi yakakanganisa zvikuru kunzwisisa kworudzi rwomunhu nzvimbo yarwo muchadenga. Copernicus] yakadenha mufananidzo wenzvimbo inotangira nokuisa zuva pakati pegadziriro yezuva, uye [[FLT:] Galilei akashandisa teleskopu kuti ipena yaizoshandukira mazana amakore pakupedzisira dzidziso. yadhindwa naJohannesberg, zvichida yakanga yachinja zvikuru nguva inopfuvuka, uye yakava mabhuku matsva, anowanika, uye kupfuudza purotegi.

Mudzimu mumwe chetewo woushingi wakasunda wenzvero. Vafambi vePortugal neSpanish vakafanana naVasco da Gama naChristopher Columbus vakazarura nzira dzomugungwa kuenda kuAsia neAmerica, kutanga kutsinhana kwenyika yose kwezvirimwa, mhuka, hosha, uye tsika. Columbian Exchange yakachinja zvikuru chiverengero chavagari vemo nepfuma munyika yose, vachiisa nheyo yenyika inowirirana yatinoziva nhasi.

Nhambo Yechiedza: Kunzwisisa uye Kumukira

[[FLT: 0] Chiedza [[FLT: 1] chakatsigira chikonzero, sayenzi, uye maruramiro avanhu pamusoro pegamuchidzanwa nechiremera chakakwana. Vafungi vakaungana muvasalon nehotera kuti vataure uzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. [[FLT:] John Locke [Matonge] akapikisana kuti hurumende dzinowana masimba adzo akarurama kubva mukubvumiranwa kwavadzorwi uye kuti vanhu vane maruramiro omuzvarirwo oupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu (*) izvo zvakapesvedzera zvakananga American Declation of Independence. [[FLT:] Manteeutic] a [FLT] aD] masimba na [FLT]

Idzi pfungwa dzakatanga kushanda mumakondinendi maviri. Chinjo yeAmerican [1775-1783] yakatanga nenzira inobudirira republic, ichibvumikisa kuti koronic ingagona kukurira umambo uye kuti kudzora kwaigona kuvakirwa pamutemo wakanyorwa. [[FLT:] Chinjo yeFrance [179-17]) yakanga iri huru zvikuru, kubvisa madzimambo, kubvisa maropafadzo erwisano, uye kuzivisa maruramiro enyika yose omunhu (5) kwaipinda murutyo uye pakupedzisira muumambo hwaNapoleon. Nhau.

Munguvayo, chinjo inotova huru zvikuru yakafutunurwa chinyararire muBritain: [[FT:0] Chinjo yeIndustrust . Michina yakaiswa nemheni inotsiviwa netsandanyama, mafekitari akapfuvura, uye maguta akawedzera. jinny, simba rinotenderera, uye injini yenhete haina kungowedzera bedzi kukura bedzi asi yakabvisawo upenyu hwemaruwa hwegamuchidzanwa. Nyika yakanga yapinda zera refambiro mberi yezvinhu isingaenzaniswi, inowirirana nokuchinja kukuru kwenzanga uye kuberekwa kwemifungo itsva yezvamatongerwe enyika, kubva kuurudzi, izvo zvaizorondedzera makore akawanda kusvika.

Zana Remakore Rechi20: Kurwisana Nokuchinja

Hakuna zana ramakore rakapupurira kunyanyisa kwakadaro kworuparadziko nounyanzvi. Hondo yenyika I (1414-1918) yakaparadza nhevedzano yekare, kuunza maumambo mana nokutanga hondo dzamabasa nepfuti, matangi, uye zvombo zvemakemikoro. Pangano dzeVerónetic’s directives nenyongano yemari yakatevera kupfuudza pfundepfundemo ndokubetsera kuparira Hondo yeNyika II [1945]. Hondo iyoyo, [[FLT:] yakafa zvikuru munhau yavanhu [[FLT] [FLD:5], yakabatanidza zvinotyisa zveKuparadza nokushandiswa kwenyukireya. Parames yeUnited States Union inokamukana yeUnited States neyamubatanidzwawo mubatanidzwa wamasimba makuru ehondo yehondo yenyika yose.

Njodzi dzemari dzakasiya mavanga makuru. Kuderera Kukuru kwoUkuru Kwokuora Mwoyo kwakavamba muna 1929 kuparadzwa kwezviraramiso munyika yose, kuchizvidza kwaikarasizz nhongonya yebhizimisi uye kuchipa kukwirira kuhurumende dzegarikano nemitemo yokupindira. Mumhedziro yadzo, vatungamiriri voudzvinyiriri vakavimbisa uye kudzorwa kwerudzi, zvinotungamirira kukukura kwechiFascism muEurope nechitima chehondo muJapan. Rukundo muna 1945 rwakatungamirira kukutangwa kweUnited Nations Nations, kuedza kudzivisa rwisano yepasi rose yenhau, uye kuChirevo cheNyika Yose chekodzero dzavanhu muna 1948, kutaura kwezvinokosha zvakagoveranwa.

Masangano enzanga akagadziridzazve nzanga kubva mukati. Civil Rights Movement muUnited States, ichitungamirirwa nezviverengero zvakadai saMartin Luther King Jr., yakaparadza rusarura pamutemo kupfurikidza nokuramba kurwisana kusina masimba masimba nemitemo yakatanhamara. Kurwisa kwakafanana nokuda kwokuenzana kwedzinza, kodzero dzavakadzi, uye kubvisa maruramiro echikonedzo kwakaumba marudzi akawanda samaumambo eEurope akaparara. Pakasvika mugumo wezana ramakore, Internet yakavamba kubatanidza vanhu munzira dzisingafungidziki, ichigadza chiteshi chenyika yakabudirira zvirokwazvo.

Nguva Yepashure: Kudyidzana Kwenyika Yose uye Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Hwaro hwepanzvimbo yepaIndaneti yazvino uno yakaiswa muma 1960 semubatanidzwa wezvehondo nedzidzo, asi kwakanga kuri kutangwa kweWorld Wide Web muma1990 uko kwakaiisa mumusha nehomwe dzose. Imail, shopu, terevhizheni, manyuzire, uye mafoni zvakaputsika mashoko, uye zvakachinja mashandire atinoita, shopu, uye kubatana nomumwe. Nhasi, vanhu vanopfuura mabhiriyoni mashanu vari paIndaneti, uye mari inofambisa mashoko pasi pose GDP.

Kuwedzera nyika yose kwakawedzera kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvezvokutengeserana namasangano akafanana neWorld Trade Organization, kuchitanga kusadyidzana kukuru kwezvemari. Urodha dzokugovera nadzo zvino dzinopararira munyika yose, uye kuvharwa kwefekitari munyika imwe kunogona kutenderera nyika. Nepo mamiriyoni akabviswa muurombo, masimba mamwe chetewo akaparirawo kubviswa kwamabasa nenhamo dzetsika. Dambudziko reCHOVID 9319 ra2020 rakaratidza zvakajeka kuti dambudziko routano rinogona nokukurumidza sei kuva katyamadzo yemari yenyika yose, zvichisimbisa kushata kwedu.

Zvichida denho yokukurumidzira zvikurusa yenhambo yapanguva ino ndi chinjo inodzorwa. Kupisa zvinotsva kubvira paChinjo yeIndustrial zvakasimudzira carbon dioxide kumwero usingaoneki mumamirioni amakore, kudziyisa nyika nokuwedzera kwemamiriro okunze akanyanyisa. Nhamburiko dzamarudzi ose dzakadai seParis Agreement inotsvaka kutsinhiranisa chiito, asi fambiro mberi inoramba iri yakaoma. Ruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinopa simba idzva, motokari dzemagetsi, carbon inowana (asi kubatira kwayo inotsamira pakudavirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye chinzwa kwenyika yose. Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa muchizvarwa chino zvichaumba zita rako.

Mugumisiro: Rwendo Runopfuurira Rwenhau

Nhau haisati iri kure, nzvimbo inomira yemaartfact; irwizi runomhanya runotakura zvino. maruramiro ose apamutemo, chidimbu chiri chose choruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, mirangariro yose yetsika yatinayo yakaumbwa nezvinoitika zvakatitangira. cuneiform yakakwezurwa mumahwendefa evhu, kurukurirano dzouzivi mumativi eAtene, misha mitema yekufa iyo yakaitazve upfumi hweEurope, chinjo dzakabatanidza rusununguko rwakadaro (hon al transmist) mumunhu wauri nhasi.

Zita rako inguva yakanyarara, mashoko akanyarara emazana emakore okuedza kwevanhu. Nokunzwisisa masimba akaumba nyika yedu, hatingowani mepu yenguva yakapfuura chete asi kambasi yeramangwana. Zvinetso zvokuchinja kwepasi pose, kuchinja mamiriro okunze, uye kupesana kwenzanga zvakakura, asi nhau inotiyeuchidza kuti vanhu vakachinja zvikuru kare. Munhau iyoyo refu, mumwe nomumwe wedu achaita rutivi. Zvisarudzo zvako, inzwi rako, richava rutivi rwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi izvo zvizvarwa zvichafunda zuva rimwe.