Kugadzirwa kweAnimine kwakafamba mugwagwa unonakidza, kutanga nemaflipbook akapfava uye kuguma mumastudio emichina anhasi umo vanodhirowa mifananidzo vanogadzira zvinhu munyika yose pamadziro. Kuchinja kubva pamifanikiso yamaoko kuenda kumifananidzo yekombiyuta kwakagadziridzazve mamiriro ezvinhu: zviono zvakawana udzame husingaenzaniswi, nguva dzokugadzira zvinhu dzakapfupikiswa, uye vagadziri kamwe kamwe vakava nedungwe rezvishandiso izvo zvakavaita kuti vadzorere mifungo yakanga yaichimbova isingabviri. Uku kufambira mberi kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu hakuna kuita kuti kungoita kuti kuratidzike nokukurumidza; kwakangoita kuti nhau dzinonyorwazve sei, kuti mifananidzo inzwikiswe sei, uye kuti vadzokorore sei pasi pose vawi vanobatanidza sei nenhau dzinofadza.

Mitoo yapakuvamba — kudhirowa papepa, kupenda pamapepa, uye kushandisa michina yokuedzesera kuedzesera kufamba kwechinhu() inoita kuti nhambo yeinoti ive yemazuva ano. Ruzivo rwakadai seCGI, mahwendefa emichina, uye mapurogiramu ekombiyuta akaoma kunzwisisa zvazova hwaro hweindasitiri yanhasi, asi midzi yarwo inova inokatyamadza uye yakaitwa namaoko. Kunzwisisa kuti mutsara unobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei aipinda nzvimbo yakasiana yakadaro mutsika dzenyika yose.

Mavambo Echiyereso: Kubva Mumabhuku Okupwitika Kuenda KuCelluloid

Kare kare kare zvivako zveaimy zvisati zvavapo, vagadziri vezvinhu uye vagadziri vemarata vakawana nzira dzokunyengera nadzo ziso kuti rive kufamba.

Kuwanikwa Kwokupfuurira Kwokuona

Kupfuurira kwezviono ibasa rendangariro umo mufananidzo unorambira paretina kwechikamu chiduku chesepiriti pashure pokunge manyuko echiedza anyangarika. Apo nhevedzano yemifananidzo inoiswa nokukurumidza zvakakwana, uropi hunozvibatanidza mukufamba kwemvura panzvimbo pokunzwisisa maframeti. Uku kunzwisiswa kwomunhu kwakatanga kuongororwa zvakadzama muzana ramakore rechi19, uye kwakava mutengi wesayenzi wezvinhu zvose zvokuratidza zvaitevera. Vatsvakurudzi vakaita saPeter Mark Roget uye gare gare gare Joseph Plation vakaongorora kuti ziso raigona sei kunyengedzwa, kuchitungamirira kukukura kwezvitambisa zvokuona izvo zvaizoumba kuvamba kwechiso chefivha nechinyakare.

Zvishandiso Zvapakuvamba: Zoetkop, Praxinoscope, uye Magic Lantern

Zoetrup, ngoma inomonereka ine zvikwapa zvakarembera nemutsetse wemifananidzo yakakwirira mukati, yakabvumira vaoni kutarira nomumitsetse yezvionioni nokupupurira kufamba. Kwakanga kuri nyore, kuisa, uye chose chose. praxascope[[FL:1] yakavandudzwa papfungwa kupfurikidza nokutsiva majee ezvioni, kuchideredza nokugadzira mifananidzo inokwezva. Zvishandiso zvose zviri zviviri zvakabvumikisa kuti mifananidzo yaikwevara yaigona kuenza upenyu, uye yaisima mbeu yefitimu. Chishamiso, purojekita chaishandisa magirafidhi kuti chiite maza pamadziro, chakanga chatonge chatonge chatonge chatonge chikachidzwa chikachinjira chenhau. Paidzodzorotemwara maza aidzoko, aidzorwa kugadzira magetsi anokwanisa kugadzira magetsi.

Mabhuku Ezvifukidziro Nemifananidzo Inotakurwa

Mabhuku ezvitsauko akabvisa fanikiso kusvikira kuchimiro chayo chikurusa: murwi wamapeji anenge akasungirwa kurutivi rumwe, rumwe norumwe rune mufanikiso wakati shandurwei. Kupfurikidza nokuvhura bhuku, muoni akanyandura nyengedzo yokufamba. Hapana purojekita, magetsi, uye hakuna zvishandiso zvounyanzvi zvaidikanwa.

Plantamagoria naMashiripiti Zviratidziro

Pantasmagoria kutamba kwounyanzvi mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi18 uye pakuvamba kwerechi19 yakashandisa marambi anofamba nameso kudzorera mifananidzo yemiromo pamadziro kana kuti utsi, kazhinji kazhinji mudzimba dzakasviba. Zviono zvinovapo zvinoratidzika kuva zvinonyunguruka, kukura, zvichiparira pfungwa yokufamba kwesimba rinopfuura romuzvarirwo. Izvi zvakanga zviri zviratidzo zvevaraidzo yemashiripiti uye zvakabvumikisa kuti vateereri vaishuva zvinoitika izvo vainzwa kuva vapenyu. Charles-Éménaud’s [[FLTL: 0] Théâtreque [FLT], izvo zvinoratidzira mafambiro amaoko oruoko , izvo zvinoratidzira mafambiro emaoko paterevhizheni anoshandisa gadziriro yezvionioni nemupendi, zvinopfuudzirazve murangariro wake mumugwagwa mukuru mukuru mukati me muParis nguva dzinoratidzirwa sezviito zvokuridzwa, zvinoteverwa kumitepfekedzo muzana ramakore.

Kuwedzera Kwesimbi Yamagamuchidzanwa Nechinondo

Sezvo mabhaisikopo akabuda, unyanzvi hwokutora mifananidzo yavanhu nokuiratidzira nokukurumidza zvikuru hwakachinja kuda kuziva kuona kuva chimiro chounyanzvi hwokunyora. Maradhi okugadzira, zvikurukuru magiramu echinyakare, hwakava mutoo mukuru munyika yose uye hwakava hwaro hweindasitiri yeJapan.

Fambiseti Nezera Rakaisvonaka

Chiratidzo cheCel chashandisa mapepa akajeka ecellulose acete(cels)(onto) imavarai nemhedziso zvakapendwa. Cheel imwe neimwe yakaiswa pamusoro pechinomirairira ndokutora mufananidzo mumwe panguva. Uyu muitiro wakaponesa basa guru nemhaka yokuti vadhirowi vaigona kushandisazve mativi anofamba. Unyanzvi hwakarega muma1930 uye simba rinowanzonzi Golden Age of America. Walt Disney’s [[FLT: 0] St.Steam yechikepe chaigona kufambisazve mamiriro ezvinhu [[[FLT:] (198] (18]) yaigona kufambisazve mashoko nechekero yechi chinofambisa mhepo. [[FLDLD2] Slows ne-Devenf FFFFF] [FF3] [197]

Iyi fambiro mberi yakapesvedzera varapi veJapan avo vakadzidza unyanzvi hwokuMadokero apo vaibaya jekiseni ravo vamene remaziso. Mastudio apakuvamba akashandisa shoo yecel ndokuibatanidza nemiitiro yamavara akawanda nemigariro yokupenda. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutoo wacho wakashanduka kuva giramu rakasiyana, asi chirango chikuru chakaitwa nechemo yemaspiric fure, pakati, uye mufananidzo wecel .

Zvikamu Zvine Simba Nezviratidzo Zvemifananidzo

Hafu yokutanga yezana ramakore rechi20 yakaona masutudhi emifananidzo eAmerica achirondedzera mutevedzeri wezvokutengeserana newounyanzvi uyo aizogadziridzwa gare gare kune imwe nyika. Walt Disney Studios yakaisa mvura dzakagadzirwa, kufamba kwohunhu nenhau dzakadzika. Warner Brots. Akakudziridza kumhanya-pfurabvu nenyemwero nezviratidzo zvokusaremekedza nezviratidzo zvakadai seBuns Bunny naDaffy Duck. Fleischer Studios akapa nyika Betty Boop naPapae, kuedza noruzivo rwemiitiro yemafarodial gags neroscofing, mutoo unoratidza kuti ufambe mubato mupenyu kuti usvike. Uku kumhanya uku kugona kuva chinhu chipi nechipi. Kufamba kwokuzvidzwa kwainzi neDhindizo.

Chiratidzo cheJapan chakawana idzi zvidzidzo apo yaifamba nenzira yacho. Toei Intee metation, yakavambwa muna 1948, yakaenzanisira paipi yokugadzira yayo parutivi pamitsetse yegungano raDisney asi yakakurumidza kuvamba nhevedzano dzapakuvamba namafirimu anobva mungano dzeJapan, manga kuchinjika, uye kurondedzera kwakarongwa. Mapikicha efanikicha akavamba kubuda /notse mascot, asi maprotagononists aikura nokutamburira muzviitiko zvakawanda. Uku kudzokorodza kwakabatana nechido chokugamuchira misoro mitema nenhau yakaoma, zvakaratidzirwa kubuda mutsika yetsika kubva mutsika yokuMadokero okuMadokero.

Kuwedzera Kweaite Munyika Yose

Kubudirira kwamarudzi ose kwaAnime kwakauya zvishoma nezvishoma. Muma 1960, nhevedzano se Astro Boy (1963) yakatumirwa kunze uye yakapiwa zita remisika yokumwe, ichiita mashoko matsva anooneka kuvateereri vakasimudzwa paDisney naWarner Brots. Mitopotamikari yakaganhurirwa yakashandiswa mumubato wemasero anokosha ($fewer frames , kutsamira pakamera ine simba uye stredisticsssssss anofamba zvakanaka). Vaoni vokuMadokero akatanga kubatanidza meso makuru, mitsetse mitsetse mire, uye kuswedera pedyo nemirangariro neault.

Ma 1980 na 1990 zvakawedzera iyi kombamiro yenyika yose. Studio Ghibli, yakatangwa naHayao Miyazaki, yakabudisa mabasa ounyanzvi akafanana ne Muvakidzani Wangu Totoro uye ] Tsvened Lead [ yakawana kurumbidzwa kwamarudzi ose uye kuratidzirwa kwounyanzvi hwenhau yenhetembo nemisoro yemhoteredzo. Vhidiyo neterevhizheni zvakaunza nhevedzano isingaverengeki kuEurope, Latin America, uye North America, inochengeta chizvarwa chavadiro yaizoda nokuda kwemichina uye maraibhurari. Kuzochinja kwamakore ane chiuru, kumusoro kwechiJapan kwakanga kusati kuri chinhu chitsva mukurumbira chetsika munyika yose.

Kuchera Nokugadzira

Fivharo, kana kuti e-konte muchiJapani, ipurani yebudisipipipipipi ipi neipi. Inoisa mureza mumwe nomumwe, inoratidzira kufamba kwekamera, uye inonyora mapikicha emirangariro echiono. Zvigaro zvemifungo zvakaisa uremu hukuru padanho iri nemhaka yokuti yaishanda sechishandiso chikuru chekurukurirano pakati pavana vatungamiriri, vagadziri, uye vagadziri.

Munyika inonaya, e-konte kazhinji kazhinji inopfuura nomumhindi dzekudzokororwa kwakawanda, uye vamwe vatungamiriri vanoremekedzwa vanoita mapuranga ane udzame husingadaviriki ayo anoramba ari unyanzvi hunopfuura nekaviri semifananidzo younyanzvi murudyi rwavo vamene. Muitiro wokusika unobatanidza mukuru kuronga nhauro yemifananidzo parutivi pemanyoro, nepo kiyi inodudzira mifananidzo inoita mifanikiso iyoyo kuva mifungo mikuru. Garadhendiro inoraniswa, inogarorororororororororororororo unyanzvisazvishandiso zvemichina. Nhasi, Somuchina weProboard Pro inogona kubatanidza mapikipidhi, asi kugadzirwa kwendangariro kwemifananidzo inoumbwa nemaoko anoumbwa nemaoko.

Kuchinja Kwemadhigirii: Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu uye Kuchinjwa Kwezvinhu

Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20, maturusi okugadzira mifananidzo akatanga kuchinjwa kubva papendi nepepa kuenda kumapikicha nebumbiro remitemo. Kusvika kwemakombiyuta mustudio pakutanga kwakabatira mabasa apashure pomugadziridzo akadai secompositimendi nokurongedza, asi nokukurumidza mabasa ose akagadzirwazve. Kuchinja kwacho kwakanga kwanyanya kukanganisa kudengenyeka kwepasi nokuda kwechirwere, uko mabhajeti akasimba uye marusarungwe anorayira akaita kuti zvisadzikire.

Kuuya kweCGI Nemifananidzo yeComputer

Kuvamba kwama1990, mifananidzo yekombiyuta, kana kuti CGI, yakatanga kuva mativi emifananidzo mukati mema 1980. Kuedza kwokutanga kwakaoneka mumafirimu akafanana ne Tron [1982], uye pakasvika 1990, mifananidzo yesoftware yakava rutivi rwenguva dzose rwemienzaniso neterevhizheni. CGI yakabvumira nyanzvi kugadzira mafirimu matatu, kushandisa chiedza chaicho, uye kufambisa kamera mumichina yemichina yemagetsi / chinhu chaida mifungo yokuona zvinhu zvakanaka munguva yakapfuura. Mukugadzirwa kwekombiyuta, CGI pakutanga yakashandiswa nokuda kwemagadzirirwo emichina, mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kunzwisisa, kana kuti matapure aoma kutsverwa noruoko. Sangano dzokugadzira zvinhu, masvekisi 3D anobatanidza zvinhu zvinobatanidza zvinhu zvinofambirwa nezvikwa zvakaisvonaka.

Kumuka Kwesimbi 3 Yesimbi Nepixar

Pixar yakaita kuti bhaisikopo iwedzere kutenderera kumichina yemadhigirii. (1995]) yakaratidzira kuti firimu ine mifananidzo yakareba yaigona kuvakwa chose chose kubva muzvinhu zvine kombiyuta uye ichiri kupazve mirangariro. Rubudiriro rweFirimu yakawedzera kutenderera kweindasi yemichina yemichina. 3D yakaisa zvinhu zvesoftware zvakagadzirwa nemavara, zvakaenzanisirwa namasimba omuviri, uye zvakagadzirwa nemagetsi ainzwa kuva chaiwoiwo. Pixar yapakuvamba yainzwa kuva mipfupi yaidzo yakapfupikiswa Jr.[FLT] [FLT] [3] yakanga yatobvumikisa kuti shamba yerambi yakapfava yaigona kuratidzira kupfurikidza nechinhu asi, kuratidzwa kwainoitwa kuti zvisaive zvakanga zvisati zviri chaizvoizvo.

Mastudio eAnime akacherekedza, asi akawanda akanga akangwarira. Vagadziri veJapan vakanga vapedza makumi amakore vachinatsa 2D asthetics, uye chinjo huru ku3D yakaisa mungozi vateereri vanobva kune dzimwe nyika avo vaifarira rudzi rwounyanzvi hwemitsetse nemamiriro emvura. Panzvimbo pezvo, mutoo wakavhengana: mifananidzo ye 3D nokuda kwemienzaniso yakaoma kana kuti boka, nepo varatisi vakasara vachidhirowa muchimiro che 2D.

Kupinda Kwepurogiramu Yekombiyuta Yezvinhu Zvinoyevedza

Fffordity neyakasimba yemichina yemiitiro yakaitwa kuti ive purojeti inogadzirwa pasi pevhu. Zvirongwa zvakafanana ne Adobe Ereficiation, Toon Bootm Harmony, uye Open Toonz yakabvumira 2D mitaro yemitaro, jini, uye compositoitting pasina pepa rimwe chete repepa renyika. Studios aigona kunzvera makitomu emaoko uye ipapo ruvara rwairwo, rwakaumbwa, uye ruchideredza zvikuru mumichina yemichina yemasvo, kuderedza zvikuru kudhirowa kwecel neswo. Mazuva ano ano kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa maturusi okugadzira mapepa mumitezoro, anoshanda mazati, uye mashandiro anenge anenge ari makore makumi matatu akapfuura.

Nokuda kwezviwiro zvakazvimirira nezvikwata zviduku, purogiramu yakavhurika yakadai seComptator yakachinjazve nzvimbo kupfurikidza nokugovera sutukero yakakwana ye 3D yokugadzira pasina mutengo. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoreva kuti musiki ane raptop anogona zvino kuita basa rinoenzana nebumbiro restudio mumugariro wounyanzvi, kunyange kana kurondedzera nechimiro zvikaramba zviripo.

Miitiro Yenguva Yazvino Uno uye Kugadzirwa Kwounyanzvi

Amime yanhasi inogara pamharadzano yetsika nemuitiro. Studios inowanzobatanidza madhiramu emaoko anopindwa parusarudzo rwakakwirira, mafuremu akapendwa nemifanikiso, uye zvinhu 3D mumufananidzo mumwe. Mugumisiro wacho mutsetse unochinjika unogona kutenderera pakati poruritsi rwemitsetse yepenzura uye ururami hwemifanikiso yekombiyuta zvichitsamira pazvinodikanwa zvenhau.

Mazano Okugadzira Zvisingakwezvi uye Kuedza Kwazvinoita

Zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvazvino uno zveantimiste zvinotsamira pamichina yakavhengana. Chiratidzo chikuru chingangoshandiswa papepa kana kuti pahwendefa remichina, asi pakati pezvirango, ruvara, uye migumisiro zvinopedzwa mupurogiramu yekombiyuta yakadai seClip Studio Paint kana kuti Toon Bootm Harmony. Rotoscoping, apo maaimator anonzvera pamicheto mipenyu-yachokwa yezvokushanda, akabvumirazve mukurumbira nokuda kwokutora uremu hwechokwadi nezviratidzo zvakavanzika nezvinoonekwa nepo zvichiri kuiswa munzverongedzero.

Vamwe vatungamiriri vanoisa miganhu nokubatanidza mafashoni ezvigadziko zvekufambisa zvinhu zvisingaoneki, zvinhu zvinomisa mhepo, kana kuti macolles akavhengana. Short-applice, mafirimu anoedza, uye mavhidhiyo enziyo kazhinji kazhinji zvinobatanidza mifananidzo 2D nemifananidzo chaiyo yenyika, zvinhu 3D, uye kunyange kuongorora kwamaoko kwakatemwa nemaoko. Kuongorora uku kwakavhengana kunobvira nemhaka yokuti purogiramu yekombiyuta inobvisa mitengo yakawanda yemuviri yamakumi amakore apakuvamba, kukoka muchinjikwa pakati pemifananidzo, mifananidzo yakaisvonaka, uye zvinobudisa mashoko.

Kumira - Motion Nedomasi Studios

Kunyange zvazvo kumira nokuumba kusati kuri chinhu chikuru, zvinoramba zviri mativi anokosha ezviito zvenyika yose zvinopesvedzera vasiki. Studios seAardman meetings naLaika blacks anoshandisa frame-framess yemichina yevhu, muitiro webasa wakatanhamara unopa runako rwechienzi. Uku kuvapo kwomuviri kweivhu, shekicha yegungwa iri yose isina kukwana inoparira kubatana kwemirangariro uko vatambi vemichina vanotamburirana. Vamwe vatungamiriri veJapan vakaedza nokumira kwemiitiro yemiitiro yezvo, yezvokutengeserana, uye kuvamba, kuratidzira kuti mutoo webasa racho unogona kupfumisa kunyange kupfumisa 2Dmo yemaindaneti. Makambani ose anomisa kuoneka panzvimbo inoonekwa.

Kukanganiswa Kwetsika uye Kukanganiswa Kwenyika Yose

Anime zvino inoratidzira kurukurirano yenguva dzose pakati pamagamuchidzanwa okugadzira eJapan nepesvedzero dzamarudzi ose. Nhevedzano dzeAmerica dzakafanana ne [[FLT: 0] Avatar: Morbender yokupedzisira inorumbidza pachena sefekichese sefemistry nerondedzero, nepo masutudio okuMadokero anowanzopinza kurukurirano yeJapan kana kuti zvirongwa zvecone - cone zvinobatanidza pfungwa. Nzanga yenyika yose, yakashongedzerwa nehova dzinomhanya zvikuru uye nzizi, marekoshina netsoro dzinodzokorodza zviitiko zvamaawa emhepo yeJapan. Uku kukwidza kwakawedzera kugadziridza kujeka kwapa chinjo pakati penzvimbo dzokuvakandira navateereri, uye kwakakurudzira kurondedzera kwakasiana - mativi ose.

Kuwanda kwepesvedzero kunofambiranawo nokupesana: Vasiki veJapan vanonongedzera nenzira inowedzera zviitiko zvenyika yose, nziyo, uye zvitayera nemhaka yokuti vanoziva vateereri kuti ndevenyika yose. Kuzvirondedzera kwakachinja kuva nemibvunzo yakaoma yetsika, genre-bhuroma, uye zviteshi zvemibato zvinobatanidza mwaka wose. Kufambira mberi kwemitengo (kubva kuAINS-AI - internet-pakati-"kupfuurira kusvika kureshape inobvira, asi mwoyo wekushandura unoramba uri muforom-finbook. Sezvishandiso zvitsva zvokushandura nguva chaiyoiyo uye kugadzirwa kwechinhu nechinoumba chinenge chinhu, shiridzodzo ichapinda imwe nguva yokuchinjazve, kuonekazve simba racho.