Shoko rokuti “Espada” — rakatorwa mushoko rechiSpain nechiPortuguese nokuda kwomunondo — rinopa chiratidzo chakakodzera nokuda kwevatungamiriri vakatanhamara vakapinza, kazhinji kazhinji vane ngozi avo vakarondedzera nzanga dzavanhu kwezviuru zvamakore. Kufanana nechinodzivirira, asi rinogonawo kukuvara. Rinomirira gadziriro yokuronga uko kuchiva, simba, uye kupukunyuka, kuparira kurwisana kusingagumi pakati paavo vanotsvaka kukwira, avo vanovavarira kuchengeta nzvimbo yavo, uye avo vanoedza zvavo kutsungirira. Nepo vasati vari shoko retsika rezve, Espashascapy rinobvisa chimiro chetsika, mativi echivako, mativi enzvimbo enzanga, kuratidzira zvimiro zvenzanga zvechinyakare, kubva kumatare amadzimambo ekare kusvikira kuminda yemagiraziro yemasangano azvino uno. Muiyi nzira yokunzvera, kuvamba kugadzirwa kwetsika, kugadzirwa kwetsika, kuratidzira kwetsika, kuratidzira kwetsika, kuratidzira kwetsika kwetsika, kugadzirwa kwetsika, kuzivisa kwetsika.

Mavambo Enhau Emapoka Evafundisi

Chimiro chendangariro chomunhu chokuronga mapoka ndechekare. Ufakazi hwetsika hunokarakadza kuti kunyange mapoka avavhimi aiunganidza ane nzvimbo dzakasiana dzakavakirwa paunyanzvi, zera, kana kuti chiremera chomudzimu. Sezvo nzanga dzakava dzakaoma zvikuru, ndizvo zvakaitawo vapfumi vadzo. Espada, mumitoo yavo mizhinji, yakaberekwa mukudikanwa kwokugovera pfuma, kuronga basa, uye kuchengeta nhevedzano, asi yakakurumidza kuva hondo nokuda kwesimba.

Marudzi Apakuvamba Namavambo Okuchinja

MuMesopotamia, Mutemo waHammurabi wakabatanidza chirongwa cheboka chakaoma icho chakaisa vakwiri, vagari vakasununguka, uye varanda mumapoka akasiyana emitemo. Vafaro veEgipita vakagara pamusoro pepiramidhi youmwari, nepo madzimambo eSumer aitaura kuti aibva kuna vamwari. Idzi dzakanga dzisati dziri gadzirirowo zvadzo dzokutonga; dzakanga dziri nhauro dzairuramisa kusaenzana. [[FLT:] kuumbwa kwenzanga [[[FLT: 1] kwenguva dzakaita “mashoko" esimba akarongwa — chidzingaparadza apinganisira munhu upi noupi aitsunga kupanikira murayiro woumwari. Mumiitiro dzakadaro, chinzvimbo chaiiswa mubasa (zvinonyorwa, vaprista, varwi) kana kuti vakadzvinyirirwa.

Kuongorora Zvinhu Zvakare: Patricia, Plebeans, uye Kurwisa Kwesimba

Roma yekare inogovera muenzanisiro wakajeka weEspada iri mumabasa. Rwisano pakati pevatungamiriri vehurumende yepatricia nevoruzhinji vePlebeans — vanozivikanwa seConflict of the Orders — yakagara kwamazana maviri amakore. Patricias akava nekodzero dzakatsaurwa kunzvimbo dzezvamatongerwe enyika neuprista, asi nhevedzano yezvinzvimbo zvechishuvo zvechiRoma, masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kupesvedzera kwezvamatongerwe enyika kuti vawane kuenzana. Iyi rwisano yakaparira maTables, nzvimbo yeTribune, uye pakupedzisira chimvura, bvurutsi, asi nzanga isingaenzaniswi. Rukudzo rweRoma rukudzo, kudzo rwemahofisi avose, rwakanga rwuri daro rwokubudirira chavose rwakanga rwakarirwa kukwira, kazhinji kupfurikidza nembiri yehondo kana kuti ibwe. Munondo weEa unopfuute yeGodhea pamusoro pehondo: kudzo huru, kukundikana kwehondo. — Garamisiridzo inopfumo yehurumende inopfuramisi rehurumende.

Mirayiro Yamaoresa: Munondo Somufambidzano

Middle Ages muEurope neJapan zvakaita mufananidzo chaiwoiwo. MuEurope, munondo weharner wakanga uri zvose zviri zviviri chombo nechiratidzo chechiremera. Nhevedzo yenzanga — avo vanonyengetera (vasina kuroorwa), avo vanorwa, uye avo vanoshanda (varombo) — vairangarirwa kuva vakagadzwa nenzira youmwari. Asi, kunyange mukati mouyu mugariro wakaoma, chinzvimbo chakawedzerwa. Vana vaduku vavakuru, vasina nhaka, vaitsvaka pfuma kupfurikidza nehondo, mibato, kana kuti michato yemibato. Chechi imene yakava mukuru apo mumongi muduku aigona kumuka kuva bhishopi kana kuti kunyange papa, anowirirana neEpadhisi. MuJapan, boka reva, rakasungwa nedendi, rakasungwa nedeki, asi rakaoma zvikuru, nguva yeSarmasvoneri.

Chikamu cheEspada: Chivako Nezvinhu Zvine Simba

Espada haisati ichitongovawo mubatanidzwa wemibatanidzwa. Iro iboka ripenyu roukama, remahrejita, uye mitemo isingataurwi. Panzvimbo huru inogara vakakwirira — avo vanodzora pfuma, ingave nyika, dzimbahwe, kana kuti mashoko. Basa ravo guru nderokuchengeta kuva vakarurama apo vanoramba vachidenha. Varwi, boka (rinowirirana kana kuti ramadimikira) rinofanira kusimbisa uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji rinoedza kupesvedzera chigaro choumambo. Vavaki vadzorwi vane simba rinotsigirwa nechivako chose. Kutsigika kwaEspasha kunotsamira pachiyero chakaoma: mapoka anofanira kudavira kuti tsika yacho inongova bedzi, kana kuti iduku hayo yorupo, uye vakakwirira vanofanira kuronga zvose zviri zviviri simba norupo.

Masimba

  • [[FLT: 0] Vatongi:, CEOS, vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika, vagari venzvimbo. Vane pesvedzero isingachinjiki asiwo vanotarisana netyisidziro dzenguva dzose dzekuvigirwa.
  • Vatarisiri vehondo/Vatarisiri vemitemo: vakuru, vakuru vakuru, mitumbi inoita kuti vatsigiri vakakwirira vaichinje. Vanoshandura kuti vachashanda uye kazhinji kazhinji vanobatira savachengeti vamasuo okufamba.
  • [[FFL:0] Vashandi: mucheto wokushanda. Kuzviisa kwavo kunochengetwa kupfurikidza nomuvhenganiswa wemanikidziro, tsika, uye kudikanwa kwemari.

Kufamba kwakakwirira pakati peidzi nhurikidzwa chinhu chinovakwa neEspada. Dzimwe nzanga dzinovaka manera — dzidzo, bvunzo dzemafaro, bhizimisi — nepo dzimwe dzichisunga masuo nemapoka echiHindu, kirasi, kana kuti mutsigiri wezvamatongerwe enyika. “Shoo” inogona kukwidziridza munhu ane gwinyiro rinorinzwisisa, kana kuti inogona kuwira pana avo vanodenha nhevedzano yakagadzwa.

Injini Yokuwana Chinzvimbo: Kukwira Garare

Kuda chinzvimbo chinhu chinokuchidzira. Zvinokurudzira kutanga zvinhu zvitsva, kukura kwezvemari, uye kubudirira kwetsika, asiwo makwikwi outsinye. Muboka revakuru vevafundisi vane utano, chinzvimbo chinodzorwa nemitemo nemasangano anopa mubayiro matare nenhamburiko. Mukusashanda zvakanaka, manomano, masimba masimba, uye uori zvinova nzira dzakasimba zvikuru. Nhau yakazara nemienzaniso yevanhu vane shungu vakawandisa umambo kana kuti vakavaka hutsva — Alexander Mukuru, Julius, Napoleon Bonapartee — chimwe nechimwe chiteko kusimba romunhu oga rokutyaira mukati, kana kuti kupesana, Espada iripo.

Nhaka

Kunyanduka pakati porugwaro (kubva pakuberekwa) uye kubudirira (kupfurikidza nenhamburiko) kunorondedzera kujeka kweEspada ipi neipi. Gadziriro yenzvero yaConfucius muumambo hweChina, somuenzaniso, yakavhura mukoto muduku asi chaiwoiwo wevanhu vane mano okupinda muhurumende inotonga. Mukupesana, ancien regimemes yakachengeta maruramiro enhaka enhaka nemukana wekuwedzera, kupesana kunotevera. Chinjo yeFrance inogona kurangarirwa sekuputika kwesimba rinodzvinyirirwa, umo kukwira kwaro kweboka revoroyisoisie uye vanhu varombo pakupedzisira kwakaputsa munondo weropafadzo yechiremera.

Kuipa Kwokuda Chinzvimbo

Chido chisingadzorwi chinoshatisa. Chido chaMachiavelli chinoramba chiri bhuku remitemo nokuda kwokufamba namapoka evafundisi anonyengera. Zano racho — kuti rityiwe panzvimbo pokudiwa, kushandisa mano nasimba — rinosimbisa kuti mukurwisa kwezero nesimba, tsika kazhinji kazhinji dzinova njodzi. Munyika yazvino uno, kuda kunyangadza kunoratidzika sechinzvimbo chine ngozi, kudzongonyedzwa, uye kurondwa kwemifaro yakakomba yemhindu pavanhu, zvichisimbisa kuti mukurwisa kwechiito chesimba, tsika dzamabhizimisi azvino unova chisarira.

Matanho Okupukunyuka Mugadziriro Inotambudza

Nokuda kwaavo vari panzvimbo yeEspada, kupukunyuka kunokosha kupfuura chinzvimbo. Bva, kupukunyuka kumene kunogona kuva chimiro chokudzivisa kwakanyarara. Vapukunyuki, vashandi vefekitari, uye mapoka anochengetedzwa anotanga gadziriro dzokutsungirira, kushatisa, kana kuti kuchinja dare ravafundisi. Nhetembo, kubva kumubatiri akachenjera anokurira tenzi kuvarimi kumukira seHondo yeGermany ya1525, dzinozivisa tariro inogara nokuda kwenyika umo munondo wesimba unochengetwa nenzira yakarurama kana kuti usati uchitongoitwa.

Zvirongwa Zvokuvhara Nokuunganidza

Murangariro waJames C. Scott we “zvombo zvavanhu vasina simba” — kushatiswa kwetsoka, guhwa, kuparadzwa, uye kusaziva kunonyepedzera — unorondedzera zvimiro zvezuva riri rose zvokudzivisa bonderano yakananga navakakwirira. Apo zviito zvakadaro zvokunyepedzera zvinoungana, zvinogona kubvisa maruramiro eEspada. Chiito chokuunganidza, kubvira mumaguta apakati napakati kusvikira kumasangano avashandi azvino uno, chinomirira denho huru zvikuru. Masangano aya anowanzova anodzoserazve vakuru vakuru, achimanikidza vakuru kugamuchira maruramiro uye kudzosera simba.

Mifananidzo yetsika yeEspada

Unyanzvi, mabhuku, uye mafirimu zvakaratidzira kwenguva refu chinoitika chechinzvimbo chenzvimbo inodzorwa. Njodzi dzaShakespeare, dzakadai se Macbeth uye Julius Caesar[, dzinobvisa miuyo inoshata yegwinyiro isingadzorwi. [FLT:] ... Chechi yeMay [FLT] , [FLT] yeMay inoratidzira nyika umo mibatanidzwa nokuvimbika zvinoedzwa mudzvinyiriro isingaregiki yesimba. unyanzvi hunooneka, kubva mumifaro yemabhishonga yerorizimu kurongedzero ye [FLD] [FLT] [FLD] [8:], crectri]

Zvinobudisa Mashoko Zvazvino Uno uye Munondo Unoitwa NouRoma

Nhasi, nhevedzano yeterevhizheni yakafanana ne Rubudiriro uye Imba yeDragon inopfuurira iyi gamuchidzanwa, ichipa nhevedzano yezvokutsvaka mukurwisana kwakakomba kwenhau dzinofungwa. Munguva ino, marags-toweefish mumabhaisikopo anosimbisa donzo rokuti munhu upi noupi anogona kubata munondo ndokukwira. Kupararira kweiyi mito inobvumikisa kuti Espasha inoramba iri chiwirira chepakati umo tinorangarira vatano yavanhu.

Espada Yazvino Uno: Kubva Mumabhodhirowa Kuenda Kumabhokisi

Munzanga yazvino uno, munondo wechikwata hauna kunyangarika; wakashandurwa. Matanho echikwata chezvamatongerwe enyika, gadziriro dzezvirongwa zvedzidzo, uye kunyange pesvedzero yenzanga yemasangano anoratidzira simba rimwe chetero renzvimbo, chinzvimbo, uye kupukunyuka. CEO ane chigaro choumambo chisati chiri chakafanana namambo weMiddle Ages, vatarisiri vemitengi, mitezo, uye vashandi vangava vakavimbika, vanoterama, kana kuti vanoshatirwa. Mipimo yechiremera nemukana unokura pakati pe 1% namamwe ose asara anodzokorora mativi akare kare.

Masangano Anodzora Nechimurenga Chitsva

Indasitiri yezvoruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, nemahjokisi ayo akare nemitemo yezororo isina kuganhurirwa, inowanzotaura kuti yakauraya Espada yekare. Chaizvoizvo, simba risina kurongwa rinonangidzira ngwariro kuvavambi navanoronga zvebhizimisi, nepo vashandi vezvemari vachiumba kirasi itsva ine dziviriro shoma. sangano rinopfuudza zvikuru ringava rakapinza, rinova rinonyengera zvikuru. Ambroria achiri kusunda vashandi kushanda maawa 80 evhiki anotandanisa zvitsamisiro zvemite, nepo kupukunyuka kunoreva kudzivisa kutsva nokutsvaira.

Kurwisa Simba Rezvamatongerwe Enyika

Zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvedemocratic, pasinei zvapo nemifungo yazvo yokuenzana, ihondo inotyisa yeEspada. Kurwisa ihondo nokuda kwepesvedzero, uye kunyange mukati memapati, mapoka anoshanda nokuda kwenzvimbo. Wezvematongerwe enyika wazvino uno anofanira nguva dzose kutungamirira boka ravapi vemipiro, vagamuchiri, vadzori vebato, uye vavhoti, apo kudarika kumwe kungaputsa munondo. Kumuka kwechipulmusmus kunogona kutsanangurwa sokumukira kukuru kunorwisana navatungamiriri avo vakakanganwa kuti kuva vapamutemo pakupedzisira kunotsamira pabvumirano yavadzorwi.

Kuvhiringidzika Kwepfungwa: Chikonzero Nei Tichirwira Kuva Munhu Akasiyana Nevamwe

Kuda kukwira Espada hakusi kungoitawo tsika; kwakavakirwa zvikuru muruzivo rwokushanda kwepfungwa dzevanhu. Chinyorwa chezvemhindumupindu chinokarakadza kuti nzvimbo yakakwirira inopa kupukunyuka nebetsero dzokubereka, ichiita kuti uropi hwedu hutsvake ruremekedzo nepesvedzero. Nzvero dzekuramba nzanga dzinoratidza kuti kuramba kunoita kuti nzira dzetsinga dzimwe chetedzo dzive kurwadziwa kwomuviri, nepo mugariro uchikura mudariro redopamine rinobuda. Uku kukura kunoita kuti vakuru vapfuure simba guru zvokuti vanhu vacharwa kukwira nokudzivirira.

Funganyo Yamamiriro Ezvinhu Nemigumisiro Yayo

Muzivi Alain de Botton basa pa funganyo inoratidzwa kuti kunetseka kwedu pamusoro penzvimbo yedu muboka revafundisi kunokonzera funganyo nguva dzose. Munzanga umo kubudirira mune zvokunyama kunoenzaniswa nokukosha kwavanhu, kurwa kunova kwete bedzi nokuda kwepfuma asi nokuda kwokuzivikanwa kumene. Kufunganya kunoparira kudyira, basa, uye njodzi dzoutano, zvichienzanisira mutengo mukuru weEspaca yazvino uno.

Zvinetso Zvoumbozha Nekurasikirwa Nekuva Negwinyiriro

Kukwira kumwe nokumwe kwetsika dzinopa mibvunzo yetsika here?

Kusarudza Espada: Mitemo Yebudiriro Pasina Kurasikirwa Nomweya Wako

Nepo zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvichitsigira nzira dzechiMachiavellian, kukwira kunotsigirwa nomumutambo wevafundisi kunoda zvinopfuura utsinye. Ungwaru hwemirangariro, kuvakwa kwoukama hwechokwadi, uye mukurumbira wekuva neperero zvinogona kuva betsero dzenguva refu dzegadziriro. Vatungamiriri vanoshanda muzvikwata zvavo, panzvimbo pokungozvishandisa, kazhinji kazhinji vanovaka pesvedzero inogara. Mufungo we “mubatiri” unopomhodza munondo wegamuchidzanwa: simba rinoyerera kubva mukusimbisa vamwe.

Kuvaka Bumbiro Remitemo Rako

Avo vanofamba nenzira inobudirira Espada vasingadyiwi nayo kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa tsika dzomunhu oga dzakajeka. Vanoziva nguva yokusunda uye nguva yokutera, apo chinzvimbo chinofanira kumira nokuda kwetsika, uye apo nharidzano imene ingasava yakafanirwa nokukwira. Mentoripship, kuzvideredza, uye nhevedzano yakasimba yavaenzani inogovera zvose zviri zviviri nhungamiro nokuzvidavirira.

Fundo Yenhau: Espada Mukukura Nokuwa kweEron

Kuwa kwaEntron muna 2001 muenzaniso webhuku webasa wetsika dzisingabvi patsika uye dare ravafundisi rinopa mubayiro wetsika dzinoparadza. Tsika yekambani inodzosa vashandi kuti vabate mari uye vasave nechikwereti. “star” system, iyo yakapemberera vatambi vakakwirira uye yakapfura vapfumi vakaderera zvikuru gore negore, yakaumba chinzvimbo cheEspada. Kuchinja nokuwana mhindu kwakatsiva utarisi neperero. Munondo wacho wakawira kwete bedzi pavatungamiriri vekambani asi pazviuru zvevashandi nevezvokubetsenga zvinhu zvose. Enron anoratidzira kuti apo vakuru vakuru vechechi vanorasikirwa nekampasi yavo yetsika, nenzira isingadzivisiki.

Nguva Yemberi Yezvikwata Zviduku Muzera Raanotarwa

Unyanzvi hwemichina huri kushandura Espada. Basa rokure, upfumi hwemari, uye masangano anozvitonga anopfavisa (DAOS) zvinokarakadza zvivako zvinobata kumeso apo chiremera chinoparadzirwa. Bva, vatungamiriri vatsva vanobva: vadzoreri vane mamirioni avateveri, ralgorime inodzora kuoneka, majereta anoumba mapfundo edata anoderedza dzvinyiriro apo ichiri kugovera. Pendi yeplativement ye inowanzoziviswa, asi vanhu vanoratidzika kuva vanorongazve gadziriro dzamakuru muchimiro chitsva chiri chose. Chinetsoro ndecheidzo kugadzira mahringi anoderedza dzvinyiriro apo ichiri kugovera tsinhirano.

Kuchinja Mutsika Kwakatangazve

Kugona kudzora mamiriro ezvinhu enguva yemberi kunofanira kubatanidza kubatana kwechokwadi uye kukwanisa kufambirana nokubudirira kana kuri kudzivisa kusagadzikana kwekare. Kuona chitarisiko, mashoko, uye mashandiro erugare zvinokosha kudzivisa munondo kuva chishandiso cheropafadzo yakadzika midzi chete.

Zvidzidzo Zvinobva Munhau

Avo vanoshandisa munondo wesimba vanokanganwa vakanganwazve kuti kunyange chipameso chakapinza zvikurusa chinogona kushandurwa mukurwisana navo. Kuwa kwoumambo, kuparadzwa kwechinjo, uye kuwa kwamasangano zvose zvinodzidzisa kuti kupukunyuka kwavakuru vakuru kunotsamira pakukwanisa kwako kuchinjika uye kuremekedza rudzi rwomunhu rwaavo vari pamwero yose. Kubudirira kunofanira kubatanidzwa nouchenjeri, uye kupukunyuka hakugoni kuva nharidzano bedzi; kana kusina kudaro, Espaca inova udzvinyiriri hunoguma.

mhedziso

Espada, sedimikira rerwisano yesimba rekuzvikudza nokupukunyuka, harisi rekare. Isimba guru rinoumba masangano edu, rinoita kuti tirote, uye rinoedza unhu hwedu. Kunzwisisa kwayakabva, mavhiri epfungwa, uye kuratidzwa kwemazuva ano kunotipa simba rokuafambisa — tingava tiri kukwira, kuchengeta, kana kuti kuvandudza manera. Munondo wesimba uchagara uripo, asi mashandisire atinouita, uye madziridziri tinozvidzivirira nawo pamatehwe awo, tinoramba tichisarudza kuva vanhu.