Table of Contents

Thambo la Makhalidwe Lalikulu la Imfa: Pamene Chilungamo Chikhala Chida

Amime otsatizana ayambitsa mkangano wosatha wa filosofi wonga Tsubu Ohba ndi Takeshi Obata's Tsogolo la Imfa. Chiyambire kutsatizana kwake, nkhani yakhala yoposa zisonyezero zake zamakono za mkhalidwe wa chilungamo, mphamvu, ndi kulephera kwa munthu. Kulingalira kuli konyenga: wophunzira wanzeru koma wogwiritsidwa mwala, Light Yagami, kukhumudwa ndi buku la mizimu limene lingaphe munthu aliyense amene dzina lake ndi nkhope yake zimadziŵika kwa mwini wake. Kodi chimayamba monga nkhondo yolimbana ndi kuipa mwamsanga kulowa m’maganizo oyenera omwe onse aŵiriwo ndi omvetsera kuyang’anizana ndi mavuto. Chilungamo chankhanzachi chimachitidwa ndi kuchotsa, kapena chikachitidwe cholakwa, ngakhale chikhale cholakwika, ngakhale chikhale cholakwika? Chilungamo champhamvu cha dziko chonse chimene chimapulumuka? Chimapanga mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri?

The World of Death Noint: A Narrative Frame Woyesa Makhalidwe

Ikuikidwa m'dziko lamakono lodziŵika, nkhaniyo imayambitsa chinthu chachilendo kwambiri . Imfayoyo imachititsa chisokonezo cha makhalidwe abwino mmalo mwa chiwopsezo cha mphamvu yachilendo. Sinimimi Ryuk akuponya buku lolembamo anthu chifukwa cha kunyong'onyeka, mosadziŵa ikumapereka Chiuning jing jing ques kuti akhale woweruza, woweruza, ndi wopha. M’kuunika, wophunzira wotsanzira ndi wosasamala ndi ziphuphu amazindikira, amalandira dzina la “Kira" ndi kuyamba kupha apandu achiwawa. Dziko limachitapo kanthu mwamsanga ndi kuwonjezereka: Chitanthabwalare monga mpulumu, pamene kuli kuyang'anira lamulo kwa mitundu yonse, kotsogozedwa ndi Luclue, kuletsa zimene amalingalira zakupha anthu ambiri. Kachilombokakaka kamodzi kamodzi kawo ka kawo, ndi mphamvu za magetsi za magetsi, monga ngati Law.

Mosiyana ndi mphaka ndi mchenga wa apolisi, Chidziŵitso cha Imfa [[FLT: 1] chimasintha kusamvana kwa makhalidwe. Njira iliyonse younikira imagwiritsira ntchito, kuchotsa L, ndiyo ndemanga yokhudza makhalidwe abwino. Mwa kukhazikitsa mphamvu zachilendo m'dongosolo lenileni la apolisi ndi kupulupudza, Ohba ndi Obata amatikakamiza kulingalira mmene mapangano athu a anthu aliridi onyonyotsoka pamene ayang'anizana ndi chinthu chimene chingawapose.

Kukhazikitsa Chiweruzo Cholungama: Kuunika kwa Mulungu ndi Kupanda Ulemu kwa Chilamulo

Pamaziko a mpambowo pali kuwombana kwakukulu pakati pa zisonyezero ziŵiri za chilungamo: njira yofalitsa, yonga ya zaumulungu yopangidwa ndi Kuunika, ndi njira yozikidwa pa ufulu, yotetezeredwa ndi L. Filosofi ya kuunika poyamba imakopa chifukwa imawonekera kuthetsera vuto la chilungamo. Apandu amene akanapulumuka pazifukwa za lamulo amachotsedwa ndi stroko ya m'kaundula. M’maganizo a Chiuni, iye sachita kupha; akuchepetsa kuipa kofunikira, akukonza njira ya anthu amtendere imene adzalamulira monga mulungu wake.

Malo a Chilumba cha Ataliyana a Kira

Kulingalira kwa kuunika kumawonekera bwino ndi mtundu wa kuwopa: chikhulupiriro chakuti phindu la makhalidwe abwino la kachitidwe limatsimikizirika ndi chothandizira chake ku chimwemwe chonse. Mwakuchotsa woukira waupandu waupandu, Light akutsutsa, mikhole yosaŵerengeka yapulumuka. Kulingalira kumeneku kumakulakula kuposa munthu; iye akulingalira dziko kumene upandu umatsika, kumene anthu amakhala popanda mantha, ndipo pamene ntchito yake imakhala yosafunikira potsirizira pake monga mtundu wa anthu imakhala yosafunikira kuwopseza chilango chaumulungu. Komabe, mipambo yamphamvu ya kuchotsa kulungamitsa kwanga. Kuunika kwa kuunika kumawonjezedwa mofulumira kuphatikizapo zigawenga zouma zokha koma zotsutsa iye, ndipo ngakhale pambuyo pake, opalamula olakwa. Muyezo wa “kusintha ku imfa ya imfa yanga kukhoza kuwona kukhala kwanga kwanga kwanga kwanga kwanga kwabwino.

Malingaliro enieni a dziko lapansi, monga momwe anafufuzidwa ndi anthanthi onga John Stuart Mill, amasiyanitsa pakati pa kachitidwe ndi ulamuliro ndi kuyang'anira kosamalitsa za zotulukapo zachiŵiri. Mtundu wa kuunika wa khwalala unyalanyaza kuwonongeka kwa lamulo: kutha kwa kudalirana m’malamulo, chiyambukiro chochititsa mantha pa kuganiza kwaufulu, ndi mantha a maganizo a kukhala ndi moyo pansi pa chiwopsezo chosalekeza, chosawoneka. Motero mpambowo umakhala phunziro la chifukwa chake chilungamo, ngakhale chilungamo chopanda ungwiro, chiyenera kuwonongeka, kuwala, ndi kuthekera kwa kuwongolera kulakwa.

Ulamuliro wa Chilamulo ndi Kutsutsa kwa L

L imaphatikizapo njira zosonyezera kulakwa kwake. Kuchokera ku chitokoso chake choyamba chopekedwa pa TV, wofufuzayo akuchimveketsa bwino kuti zochita za Kira ndi “zoipa” ndi kuti iye akufuna kuvumbula wakuphayo pogwiritsa ntchito umboni, kulingalira, ndi ulamuliro wovomerezeka. Njira za L n’zosavuta . Akatswiri a zopanga zinthu zimene zimasonkhezera Kuunika kudzivumbula. Koma amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo imene imatsimikizira kuti munthu sayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu ya kudziimba mlandu mpaka atatsimikizika kuti wafa. Kaimidwe kake ndi kopanda umboni: Zochita zina, monga kupha, n’zolakwika kwenikweni. L sangofuna kuletsa Kira; iye akuyesa kutsimikizira mfundo yakuti palibe munthu amene ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yogamula kuti afe.

Adani ameneŵa amachititsa kuti anthu azikayikira ngati chilungamo chikhoza kuchitika ngati chimadalira pa chidziŵitso chamwadzidzidzi cha munthu wosakwatira. Monga momwe L iyemwini akunenera, “Ngati mugwiritsira ntchito bukulo kupha anthu oipa, munthu yekha amene angagamule chimene chili choipa. Nkhondo pakati pa Kuunika ndi L ipambana anthu. Ndiyo mfundo ya nthanthi pakati pa kukopa kwa munthu wokhoza, wotsutsa chilungamo ndi kulephera, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsa mwala, koma chitetezo chofunika cha madongosolo a za democracy. Kufufuzanso kowonjezereka, kupendedwa koperekedwa mu [FLT:] Encyclopedia ya Filosofikies. Ndiyo yofunikira pakati pa kutsata pa Justice [FLD .FOLD:1]

Kulanditsidwa, Liwongo, ndi Kusakhoza Kubwerera

Pamene kuli kwakuti chilungamo chimayendetsa injini ya chiwembucho, mutu wa mawonekedwe a chiwombolo pafupifupi mbali iliyonse yaikulu ya chilembo. Chidziŵitso cha Imfa kaŵirikaŵiri sichimapereka njira zoyera zopitira ku kuphwanyira; mmalo mwake, chimapereka chiombolo monga kulakalaka kofooka, kokhala ndi chothetsa. Anthu amafuna kutetezera machimo awo, koma dziko la Chidziŵitso nchankhanza m’kapangidwe kake.

Misa Amane: Kudzipereka monga Choloŵa Mmalo cha Kudzivutitsa

Misa achita chidwi ndi Lumiko, amene amamchititsa kutaya moyo wake kaŵiri kupyola janigami . Kufunitsitsa kwake kumupha sikunayambire ndi malingaliro ake koma m’kufunikira kwakukulu kwa kukhala ndi banja lake ataphedwa. Ku Misa, timawona kalirole kopototo wopotoka wa kuunika: iyenso ali wochenjera, koma chisonkhezero chake nchaumwini mmalo mwa kukhala wa mesiya. Chisonkhezero chake chimayesa ngati chikondi chingakhululukire. Misa safuna kupulumutsidwa m’lingaliro la makhalidwe abwino; amafuna chivomerezo cha Kuunika. Pamene chivomerezocho chisintha kusokoneza kuukira kwa anthu, Misa chimakhala munthu watsoka amene akufuna kupulumutsidwa. Chiyenetso chake chimalephera kubwezeretsa khalidwe lake lenileni, chikayenera kuvomereza chiwongo chake.

Zofunika: Chikondi Choposa Zimene Anthu Amaona Kuti N’zofunika

Sinigami Rem amaoneka poyambirira monga wopenyerera koma amakhala wotengamo mbali wamkulu pamene afutukula moyo wake kutetezera Misa . Rem . Nsembe ya R. Kupha L, ntchito imene imatayitsa moyo wake . imasintha malire pakati pa chikondi ndi thayo la makhalidwe. Monga shinami, Rem amagwira ntchito kunja kwa magulu a makhalidwe a anthu, komabe zochita zake zimayendera limodzi ndi lingaliro la munthu la kuwomboledwa mwa kupereka nsembe. Safuna kutetezera machimo ake koma amachita zinthu zimene amasunga. Imfa yake imadzutsa funso la kaya kukhala wopanda moyo lingachite kanthu ka makhalidwe abwino. Mwakufa chifukwa cha Mpansi, Rem mosadziŵa zimatheketsa kunyada kwa Kuunda, kuchititsa kuŵerengetsa kuŵerengera kulikonse kwa kuyera monga koyera.

Kuwala Kukhoza Kuvomereza Kulakwa Kwake

Tsoka la wopanga protagononist nlakuti iye sangakhaledi ndi mphamvu yofuna chiwomboledwe. Ngakhale pamene iye kanthaŵi aiŵala za Chidziŵitso cha Imfa ndi kugwira ntchito m’mbali mwa L, kuunika kumasonyeza chikole chenicheni cha kulanda Kira, panthaŵi imeneyo kusonyeza umphumphu ndi kuwona mtima. Nthaŵi yaifupiyo imasonyeza kuti popanda bukhu, Kuunika kungakhale mphamvu yopindulitsa. Komabe nthaŵi imene zikumbukiro zake zikubwerera, iye amabwerera kwa mulungu wake wocholoŵana, akumawona kuti iye mwiniyo ndiye chiŵiya. Chochitikachi chimasonyeza mwamphamvu kuti kupulumutsidwa sikungaloŵere m’ka; kumafuna kukana kwamphamvu yeniyeni imene imalongosola chizindikiro cha munthu. Kuunika kukana kwake kutaya chidziŵitso, monganso malinga ake oyandika, ndiko kutsendeka, chitsutso chake chomalizira, chifukwa cha Krangle.

Pofufuza mizere imeneyi, Chidziŵitso cha Imfa chimagwirizana ndi nkhani ya chikhalidwe yokhudza kukonzanso chilungamo. Monga momwe zandandalikidwa m'cholembedwa chonse Britannica’s pa Rerevertifiction Justice , chiwombolo chowona kaŵirikaŵiri chimafuna kuŵerengera kwa chitaganya, osati chigamulo chapansi. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza momvetsa chisoni chimene chimachitika pamene mbali ya chibadwayo yasoweruzidwa, kuloŵedwa ndi chiweruzo chaumwini.

Kukonda Zamakhalidwe ndi Vuto la Wopenyererayo

Chimodzi cha zipambano zovutitsa maganizo kwambiri za Chidziŵitso cha Imfa [[FLT: 1] ndi mmene chimapimira wopenyerera m'chisokonezo chake cha makhalidwe. Mwa kujambula Kuunika monga chinthu choyamba cha kuyang'ana, nkhaniyo imalimbikitsa mlingo wa chifundo pa ntchito yake. Openyerera ambiri, ngakhale poyamba, muzu wa Kuunika kupyola L, komano kukumana pambuyo pake ndi kuzindikira kuti akhala akukondwera ndi wakupha wotchuka. Kusintha kumeneku sikuli kwangozi; kuli njira yadala yochitira zinthu ndi zisonkhezero za chilungamo za omvetsera.

Chikopa cha Hero ndi Mayesero a Mphamvu

Chithumwa cha kuunika chiri mu luntha lake lapadera ndi cholinga chake chotchulidwa cha mtendere. M'manyuzipepala odzala ndi nkhani za atchetche, kuyambira ku “Batman ,” mpaka “Wopereka chilango,” anthu amakakamizidwa kulandira chiwawa cha boma pamene dongosolo lalamulo lalamulo lilephera. Imfa dziŵitsa Kufa kwa imfayi [Kululuza] mwa kuvula kukongola kwa ngwazi. Kuuniza sikumangolanga apandu; iye amalanda ogwirizana, opereka nsembe, ndipo potsirizira pake amalingalira kupha anthu amene ali aulesi kapena olephera. Motero nkhani yochenjeza za chinyengo cha zimaliro zolungamitsa, zikukumbutsa kuti zilombo zoopsa kwambiri zimene amakhulupirira kuti zili.

Nkhondo ya Kugonana kwa Mazira Monga Choseŵera cha Makhalidwe Abwino

Chiphunzitsocho . Cholembedwacho chimagwiritsira ntchito mwanzeru kutsendereza kwa luntha . Koma pamene Kight ipha oimira FBI kapena anzake a L, omvetsera kaŵirikaŵiri amasumika pa mmene ichi chikupitira patsogolo maseŵerawo mmalo mwa kuwopsa kwa makhalidwe. Nkhanizo zimagwiritsira ntchito chenjera kuwunikira kwa kutengeka mtima kwa Lumiko. Komabe, mtengo wa munthu ukuchuluka: Soichiro Yagami, kusefukira kwa banja la Light, miyoyo yowonongeka ya awo amene amakhulupirira Kira. Kumapeto, kasheebo imanyozedwa m’mwazi, ndipo wopenyererayo amasiyidwa ndi mtengo wake wodziwonetsera. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kuwona kwa kuwona kwa makhalidwe abwino, nkhani yopeka, [FFFF:] [3]

Kumera Kwakuya: Zoumba za Nkhondo ya Makhalidwe

Ngakhale kuti kusemphana maganizo n’kwanzeru, munthu aliyense amakhudzidwa ndi khalidwe lake, ndipo zochita zawo zimapititsa patsogolo mfundo zachiphamaso.

Kuwala kwa Yagami: Chipangizo Chopangidwa Mwaluso Kwambiri cha Mulungu

Kuunika kumayamba monga wophunzira woyembekezera, koma wosawoneka kukhala wachilendo. Nthaŵi imene asankha kuyesa Imfa Chenjezo pa wogwidwa, akudutsa khomo lakuyang'ana kwa woonerera . Kusintha kwake kosamalitsa kujambula kumbuyo kwake: kuyambira pa kuukira apandu ankhalwe okha, kupha wapolisi wooneka ngati “L.. Mtolankhaniyo" wokhala ndi wailesi yakanema chifukwa chakuti munthuyo anamutcha kuti woipa, kukonza njira zocholoŵana zimene zimachotsa aliyense amene akuwopseza chizindikiritso chake. Kusintha kwake sikuli kofulumira koma kuwonjezera, kulungamitsa kwa munthu woyambirirayo, fanizo langwiro la “mtunda kwa L.” linapangidwa kukhala lachisowero lenileni. Kusweka kwake komaliza, kulira kochititsa manyazi, kaamba ka chithandizo cha mulungu wofanana ndi kuvumbula mphamvu yowopsa imene singalamulire, Luble imatsimikizira kulakwa kwake kwa kulakwa.

L: Chigamulo Chosungulumwa cha Dongosolo Lopanda Ungwiro

Khalidwe la L limafotokozedwa ndi kukhala kwake yekha kwakukulu, chotulukapo chachibadwa cha kudzipatulira kwake mosagonja ku chowonadi. Iye amasonyezedwa kukhala wosiyana ndi anthu, wofooka, ndi wodyedwa nthaŵi zonse. Maswiti ooneka bwino kwambiri ndi kuyera kwa kuunika. Kusintha kumeneku kumagogomezera mbali yake monga m’mimba yapansi m’lingaliro lamakhalidwe abwino: kusokonezeka, kulakwa, koma kulephera, ngakhale kukhala wolephera, mtumiki wa dongosolo lachilungamo lomwe ladzaza ndi maboo. Makhalidwe a L ali okhoza kupambana koma amakhalidwe abwino. Iye saali pamwamba pa chinyengo kapena kupotoza, koma amajambula zereni zereni kuti aphere. Pakati pa imfa yake ndi mpambo wake ndi mbuye wa makhalidwe, kusonyeza kuti ngakhale kudzipatulira kwangwiro kungagwedetsedwa ndi kusagwirizana kwake. Pambuyo pa kulephera kwake, kulephera kwa makhalidwe abwino, kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kubwerera kwa Mello.

Pambuyo pa Olamulira: Choloŵa Chapafupi ndi Pafupi ndi Mello ndi Chosadziŵika Bwino

Pafupi ndi Mello, okhoza kulowa mmalo, amaimira kusweka kwa njira yogwirizana ya wofufuzayo. Mello amapanga kulimba mtima, kuchitapo kanthu koopsa, kuswa lamulo ndi kugwirizana ndi apandu kuti apeze phindu lalikulu la kuima Kira. Pafupi, kudalira pa kusiyanitsa kozizira, kusanthula ndi kuchotsa zinthu mwadongosolo, kukana kuipitsa manja ake mwachindunji. Kutsutsa kwawo mwamphamvu kutsutsana kwa chilungamo pamlingo waung'ono: kodi nkovomerezeka kuswa kapena kuswa malamulo a kugwira chirombo? Kugwirizana kwawo kosayenera ndi kugwirizana ndi choonadi kumasonyeza kuti palibe mkhalidwe umodzi wa makhalidwe abwino wokwanira; chilungamo chimafunikira kugwirizanitsa mosamalitsa ndi kuloŵerera. Kupyo, [FLD:] Chidziŵitso chapamwamba [F:]

Kukongola kwa Chikhalidwe cha Anthu ndi Kapangidwe Kake Kamakono

Tsogolo la Imfa silimakhala m'malo opanda kanthu; linayamba kuwonjezereka kwa nkhaŵa ya dziko lonse ponena za upandu, uchigaŵenga, ndi kuyang'anira kwa boma. Kuyankha kwa anthu ku Kira m'nkhanizo , kulengedwa kwa malo olira, kufunitsitsa kunyalanyaza dongosolo loyenera, opanga nyimbo zenizeni za dziko lapansi zimene zimachirikiza, ziŵerengero za olonjeza kunyalanyaza ziwiya za boma. Kira imakhala chizindikiro cha dziko lonse, kuopa ndi chiyembekezo, ndi nkhani zotsatizana zimasonyeza mmene zoulutsira mawu zimasonyezera chisonkhezero chake pamene akutsendereza chitetezo chake panthaŵi imodzi.

Kupotoza Nkhani ndi Malingaliro a Anthu

“ Kira” chochitika chimafalikira kwambiri kupyolera m'mawailesi a kanema ndi makompyuta oyambirira. Kuunika kumasintha mosamalitsa chithunzi chake, kutumiza mauthenga ku malo oulutsira mawu ndi imfa kuti zioneke ngati chiweruzo chaumulungu. Chionetserocho chimavumbula kugwirizana kwa zinthu pakati pa zoulutsira mawu ndi machitachita a nyuzi: kuchititsa chidwi kutsimikizira mphamvu ya Kira, pamene zochita za Kira zimapereka zowonjezera zizindikiro. Malingaliro a anthu akusintha mwachiwawa [1] Kusunga Kira kanthaŵi kotsatira, kumwopa mmene kampasi ya makhalidwe abwino ingapangidwire ndi chinthu chochititsa chidwi. Kujambula kumeneku kumakhalabe koyenera kwambiri m'nyengo ya mabodza, ma malingana ndi makompyuta, malingana ndi magetsi a pa intaneti, kumene mzera pakati pa kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kuchenjera kwa anthu.

Kuopsa kwa Ulamuliro Wopanda Wolamulira

Chenjezo lomaliza la Tsogolo la Imfa [[FLT: 1] ndilo lakuti palibe munthu mmodzi, ngakhale kuti ali ndi luso kapena cholinga chabwino chotani, ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zonse pa moyo ndi imfa. Boma la kuunika silimapanga malo owala; limapanga chikhalidwe cha dziko lonse cha mantha, kuletsa kusemphana maganizo, ndi kufulumiza chiphuphu. Ngakhale otsatira ake, monga Teru Mikami, amasonyeza mmene ulamuliro wosatsendereka umaperekera mphamvu. Kudzipereka kwa “Kira” kumamtsogolera kukupha mosasankha, kukhulupirira chifuniro chaumulungu. Motero machitidwewo amakhala chiwonetsekerero champhamvu kaamba ka kuopsa kwa kulamulira ulamuliro, kusonyeza kuti chilungamo cha munthu wina, lingaliro lachiwonetsedwa ndi lingaliro la kulakwa kwa munthu. [Foctive]

Chisonkhezero Chokhalitsa ndi Kubwereranso

Pambuyo pa zaka khumi, [[FLT: 0] Chidziŵitso cha Imfa [[FLT: 1] chikupitirizabe kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi kwa mafilimu otchuka ndi nkhani zamaphunziro. Chasinthidwa kukhala mafilimu a zochita za moyo, mpambo wa Netflix, maseŵero, ndi nyimbo, kumasuliranso kwa makhalidwe ake abwino kwa anthu atsopano. M’makalasi a payunivesite, anime amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphunzitsa makhalidwe abwino, filosofi yandale, ndi maphunziro a a a m'manyuzipepala, chifukwa chakuti zochitika zake zimasonyeza bwino kwambiri mafotokozedwe ake. Mafunso ake amakwera pa mipatu ya chilango, nzeru za mphamvu, ndi mkhalidwe wa kuipidwa kwa anthu. Zida zamakono zimapatsa anthu mphamvu zosayerekezereka kwambiri za kusonkhezera, kutvelve, ndi kuvulaza. M'dziko, kuwonongeka kwa moyo umodzi, kuwonongeka kwa makhalidwe. [Foption: Frum]

Ndiponso, mpambowo wasonkhezera anthu ambiri ndi kusanthula kowopsya. Mapepala otchuka a maphunziro, “Chilungamo, Imfa, ndi Matanthauzo a Umunthu mu Imfa dziŵitsa za imfa [1] [1] [[FLT]] [1] pa JST], amafufuza za mphamvu yachibadwa ndi ziyambukiro zake za makhalidwe abwino. Akatswiri otere amatsimikizira kuti Chidziŵitso cha Imfa [1] Sichosangalatsa chokha koma chinthu choyenera cha kufufuza kwa nzeru za anthu.

Kumaliza: Kukambitsirana Kopanda Chindunji

Tsogolo la Imfa limatha ndi imfa ya Kuunika ndi dziko lotsala mumkhalidwe wa mpumulo ndi kuthedwa nzeru. Chidziŵitso cha Imfa, ngakhale kuli tero, sichimachoka; chimakhala chothekera, chizindikiro chakuti chiyeso cha kusewera mulungu chidzakhalako nthaŵi zonse. Nkhanizo sizimapatsa chigamulo cha makhalidwe abwino, chifukwa chakuti kukambitsirana kwakeko sikumayandikira. Chiweruzo, sichimalingalira kuti chikhale malo koma chikhale njira yopitiriza, yopikisana. Chipulumutso sichiri mphotho yopezedwa koma yofunikira kubwereranso ngakhale kuti sikuna kulephera. Ndipo kumveka bwino kwa makhalidwe, kutali ndi kumene kupatsidwa, ndiko kulimba kumene kumafuna ponse paŵiri ndi kufunsa nkhani zina. M’kambitsira ntchito yauka, Obat, ndi osasonyezabe kuwona zamakhalidwe. Kuphunzira kwa opezeka ndi kuwona, kukwaniritsidwabe kwa zaka zambiri.