Mavoliyumu a Vintage manga si kungoŵerenga chabe zinthu; ndizo zojambula zachikhalidwe zimene zimajambula chisinthiko cha nkhani za ku Japan, masitayelo, ndi luso losindikiza. Osonkhanitsa, tsamba lililonse lachikasu ndi msana wochepa akusimba nkhani ya nyengo ina, kuchokera ku mavolokano a pambuyo pa nkhondo ya gekiga ku ku malo oonekera, kukwera kwa ma ma ma ma ma maatomu a 1980 ndi 1990. Kaya mukopedwa ku mphamvu ya Osamu Tezuka kapena zidutswa zotchedwa Blashn zimene zimalongosola mbadwo, kusonkhanitsa mabukhu oyambirira a zosindikizira, kufunikira msanganizo wa wofufuza, savvy, ndi kudzipereka kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa kusamalira thupi. Kukutsogolera kupyola moyo wonse wa kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga munthu Tezuka, kutsimikizira njira yosungiramokezera zinthu ya kusungitsa malonda kwa kusungitsa njira yanu ya kusungitsa malonda kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Zimene Zimasonyeza Kuti Anthu Amakhulupirira Chikhalidwe ndi Mbiri Yakale

Kuzindikira chimene chimapangitsa voliyumu yofunika kwambiri ya mbiri yakale kusonkhanitsa zotsatizana ku zinthu zongodzisangalatsa zokha kukhala ntchito yosaiŵalika. Mawu akuti "vintage manga" kwenikweni amaimira mabuku ofalitsidwa makompyuta asanayambe kuma 2000, ngakhale kuti osonkhanitsa ambiri anali opapatiza mnda ku makope a stem 19990. Mavoliyumu oyambirira a manga anayamba kuonekera m'ma 1930, koma kuphulika kwenikweni kunachitika nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, pamene anatulutsa kahoni ("mabuku opatulika") yofalitsidwa ku Osakasaka. Mabaibulo akalewa kaŵirikaŵiri ankasindikizidwa papepala amtengo wapamwamba ndipo sankagwiritsidwa ntchito pomalizira, zimene zimachititsa kuti mavoliyumu otsala ayambe kupezeka masiku ano.

Kwa osonkhanitsa Angelezi olankhula, vintage manga kaŵirikaŵiri amatanthauza makope oyambirira otembenuzidwa mu United States ndi Yuropu. Ma 1980 anaona mavolyumu oyamba a mabaibulo ovomerezedwa ndi lamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri oulutsidwa kwambiri ndi kukonzedwa kwa anthu a Kumadzulo. Kusindikiza koyamba kwa maina onga "Akira" kuchokera ku Epicly Comics, Viz Khet Comics, layini ya Magazi, kapena mavoliyumu oyambirira a "Lone Wolf ndi Cub" kuchokera ku First Comics amaŵerengeredwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusoŵa kwawo kwa mbiri yakale mofanana ndi kusoŵa kwawo. Malinga ndi masinthidwe a anthu pa WPRIPT [FLT:] [FLT] , mavoliginenti a Mangent [mages], kufalikira kwa mavolution, ndipo makope oyambirira a m'masamu oyambirira a kulingana ndi kuikedzana.

Kuyamba: Mmene Mungadziŵire Manga ndi Kumene Anaiyambitsa

Malonda a kampaniyi amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zopeka, zosindikiza zolembedwa pamanja zolakwika, ndiponso ogulitsa zinthu amene amasokoneza mawu akuti “kale" ndi“ chinthu chodziwika bwino.” Kudziwa zinthu kwambiri kumakutetezani kwambiri kuti musawononge zinthu zokwera mtengo.

Kumvetsetsa Makope Oyamba ndi Otseguka

Kope loyamba ndilo kusindikiza koyamba kwa volyumu, ndipo m'dziko la manga, kudziŵikitsa imodzi kungakhale kosokonekera. Mosiyana ndi buku lakumadzulo lofalitsa, kumene muyezo wa nambala kapena "Umboni Woyamba" mawu amafala, Chijapani chimanga chimadalira pa tsamba la colophon kumapeto kwa buku. Mudzapeza deti losindikizira, nambala yosindikiza (kaŵiri 93 "11" kaamba ka kusindikiza koyamba), ndi mtengo woyamba. Phunzirani kuzindikira zilembo za ku Japan, monga momwe Chingelezi chimawonera kunja. Chinenero cha Chingelezi kulembera, pendani tsamba lolembedwa: "9 7 7 7 7 7 3" nambala imasonyeza kusindikiza koyamba, pamene kulibe kusindikiza koyambirira.

Mabuku ena otsatizana apezeka ndi kusoŵa kwambiri. Mavoliyumu oyambirira a "Sailor Moon" a ku Mixx / Tokyopop, mwachitsanzo, anali ndi mapepala osindikizira ochepa ndipo ndi ovuta kwambiri kupeza kuposa makope a pambuyo pake. Mofananamo, mavoliyumu anayi oyambirira a "Blade of the Faific" kuchokera ku Dark Horse mu opyapya, ukulu wosayeza upita ku mtengo wa ndalama. Mfungulo ya ku ndandanda ya osindikiza, wikis, ndi zipinda zofufuzira za bibliographic musanagule.

Kumene Mungagule Manga Yamtengo Wapatali

Njira yanu yofufuzira iyenera kugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mabuku amene mumafuna. Pa mapepala ofala a mavintage, misika ya pa Intaneti monga EBay ndi Mercari ikhoza kubweretsa malonda ngati mufufuza ndi kusanthula zithunzi. Komabe, pa zinthu zapamwamba za madengu, mamatirani kwa amalonda otchuka amene amachita malonda a masewero ndi manga, monga ngati otchuka ogulitsa zinthu ndi sitolo yapamanja kapena mbiri yaitali pa misonkhano yaikulu. Nyumba za Auction zimene zimayang'anira chikhalidwe chotchuka (Tchemigro, chitsanzo) nthaŵi zina amasunga mapulogage ndi malo ovuta kwambiri.

Pogula kwa wogulitsa mmodzi, nthaŵi zonse funsani zithunzi zowonjezereka za msana, colophon, ndi cholakwika chilichonse chodziŵika. Kupempha mbiri ya kukhala kwa bukulo ngati litsimikiziridwa kuti ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali. Wogulitsa wabwino adzaoneka bwino ponena za zolakwa. Ngati mukumanga tanobon ya zinenero za ku Japan, lingalirani kugwiritsa ntchito mautumiki othandizira anthu olemba papepala omwe angapeze Yahoo ! Auccounting , kumene mavoliyumu osoŵa amawonekera kwambiri. Nthaŵi zonse chochititsa kutumiza katundu ndi ntchito za miyambo yapamwamba, monga momwe kugulitsa mabuku kuchokera ku Japan kungawonjezere ndalama zanu.

Kumanga Zophatikizapo ndi Cholinga Chake

Kusonkhanitsa kopanda chibadwa ndiko mdani wa zopereka zolunjika. Chongani mwamsanga ngati mukuyesa kumaliza kugwiritsa ntchito makope a wojambulayo, kusonkhanitsa makope oyamba okha, kupeza chikuto chosiyanasiyana, kapena kulemba cholembedwa chapadera. Kumasulira kumeneku kudzakuletsani kulipira mabuku amene sakugwirizana ndi mutu wanu. Mukhale ndi ndandanda ya manambala kapena yofuna zinthu ndi kufufuza malonda otsalira pa malo a malonda kuti mumvetsetse mapindu amakono. Gollect Nthawi zina mungakhale ndi manklect , ngakhale kuti wosonkhanitsa manga ndi Facebookyrace kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka maner, mathiking projectives .

Vuto Lopezera Manga Yabwino: Zimene Tifunikira Kuziyang’ana

Kugula ndi mawu osonkhanitsa. Buku lina lofotokozedwa kuti "Fine" limalamula mtengo wosiyana kwambiri ndi umodzi wa "Ubwino" m'mkhalidwe, ngakhale ngati zonsezo ndi zolembedwa zofanana. Kuphunzira magiredi a zinthu zimene mungathe kugula kudzakuthandizani kuti musakhumudwe ndiponso musataye ndalama.

Zolakwa Zofala ndi Chiyambukiro Chake pa Phindu

  • Kuzungulira ndi kutsekeka: [[FT:1] Vintage manga, makamaka mavoliyumu, kaŵirikaŵiri amakula msana wotsindikira chifukwa cha kuŵerengedwa. Msana wothithina, wa mbali zonse zinayi ndi wokwanira. Kuŵerenga crease msana kuli kwachibadwa koma kumachepetsa magiredi.
  • Kulira ndi kugwedeza: madeti a chibadwa, koma kupaka mawonekedwe ofiirira kwambiri kapena madontho abulaŵi (kudzikongoletsa) kumasonyeza kusasunga bwino. Kutupitsa pang'ono n’kovomerezeka m’mabuku asanafike ma190; kuchotsa fungo lokhala ndi mawonekedwe sikuli.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi fungo: Chizindikiro chilichonse cha kuvunda kwa madzi, monga masamba a ravy kapena mafunde, chimachepetsa kwambiri mtengo. Ngakhale kuipitsa kowonjezereka kuli fungo la fungo la mkuwa kapena la fungo, limene nlosatheka kuchotsa kotheratu ndi kufalikira ku mabuku ena m'chosonkhanitsa chanu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Color imazima: Mainki, makamaka pachikuto, angazimiririka pansi pa kuwala. Yerekezerani masamba amkati ndi chikuto kaŵirikaŵiri, chikuto chiyenera kusunga kulimba kwake koyamba.
  • Zolemba, tepi, ndi kulemba: [[FLT :1] Kung'aluka pang'ono pa jaketi yafumbi kungakonzedwe ndi ozembe, koma kukonza tepi kwapamwamba kumasiya zotsala. Mapepala a mwini wake kapena zomatira za mtengo pa chikutocho ndizo zolakwa, ngakhale kuti mavolyumu a Japan nthaŵi zina ali ndi mdutswa wa obi amene kukhalapo kwawo kumawonjezera mtengo wake.

Maselo Odyetsera Amene Mungagwiritse Ntchito

Ngakhale kuti palibe muyezo wa anthu onse wosonyeza maginito wofanana ndi CGC wa makomiki a ku America, osonkhanitsa ambiri amasintha mlingo wa Overstreet.

  • Mint (MT): Yangwiro, monga mkhalidwe watsopano, kuchokera ku chochititsa cha wosindikiza. Kulibe kwenikweni kwa vintage manga.
  • Near Mint (NM): Buku logwiritsiridwa ntchito lopanda chovala chowoneka, makona akuthwa, ndi mapepala oyera.
  • Imavala kwambiri (VF): [[FT:1] Kuvala pang’ono, kupsinjika maganizo pang’ono pamsana, kunjenjemera pang’ono.
  • Fine (FN): Kope lapamwamba ndi kuvala kowoneka koma koyenera, kutayika kwa mitundu pamsana, kupepukira kwa kupepuka.
  • Ili bwino kwambiri (VG): Kope loŵerengedwa bwino lomwe lokhala ndi zofooka zowoneka monga ngati msana kufota, chivundikiro, kapena zipsera zazing'ono. Idakali yokwanira ndi yosawonongeka.
  • Abwino (GD): Ndi buku lopunduka kwambiri lokhala ndi zophophonya zazikulu, mwinamwake jakete lafumbi long'ambika kapena masamba osungunulidwa, koma mawu onse ndi luso la zojambula zonse zilipo. Kaŵirikaŵiri kope loŵerenga, osati la osonkhanitsa.

Ngati mukukayikira, musatengere giredi. Kupambanitsa kuli vuto lopitirizabe m'ndandanda wa zithunzi za pa Intaneti, choncho phunzirani kuweruza zithunzi. Ngati simukuona kujambula kwabwino, kolunjika kwa msana ndi m’ngondya, muziona ngati muli zolakwika zobisika.

Sayansi ya Mapepala Okongola

Kusunga bwino manga, kumathandiza kumvetsetsa zimene mukulimbana. Manga ambiri ofalitsidwa kupyola ma 1990 anasindikizidwa pa mapu a mtengo-pulp pepala, limene ndi lakale la asidi. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, asidi imasweka timibulu ta cellulose, kuchititsa pepala kukhala loluluzika ndi lakuda. Ichi nchifukwa chake utope wa 1980 wa manga umagwedezeka m’mphepete mwa mphepete mwa mlingo pamene buku laluso lapamwamba la mapu a nthaŵi imodzimodziyo likukhalabe lofewa. Library ya Congress Congress Collage Directoratortation imafalitsa kufufuza pa mapepala kuipitsa, ndi zitsogozo zimene zimatulutsa kutentha kwa madzi. Ngakhale stebon, yosindikizidwa papepala lamakono, ngati likuwomba lotentha.

Malo amene amayambitsanso ngozi ya zamoyo: ma spores amapezeka paliponse, ndipo amafunikira kutentha ndi chinyontho kuti athe kuphuka. Nyamazi, makamaka nsomba zasiliva ndi zilembo zaching'ono, zimakopeka ndi glue zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Njira Zotetezera: Kutetezera Kuikiza Kwanu Ndalama

Kusungidwa ndi njira yopitirizabe, yosalekeza. Imayamba pamene mupeza volyumu ndipo simuthadi. Njira zotsatirazi zimasintha kuchokera ku machitachita ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Getty Conservation Institute [[FLT: 1] ndi akatswiri odziŵa kuteteza zinthu.

Kupanga Malo Osungira Zinthu Abwino

Mizati itatu ya malo ozungulira ndi temperecha, chinyontho chochepa (RH), ndi kuwala. Cholinga cha chipinda chozizira chokhala ndi temperecha pakati pa 60°F ndi 7°F (15°C2°CC). RH iyenera kugwera bwino pakati pa 30% ndi 50%. Kusinthasintha kwa kunja kwa mzera uno kumaitana nkhungu (kukwera RH) kapena pepala losungunuka (lode ). Peŵani zipinda zapansi ndi maatomu pokhapokha ngati muli ndi dongosolo lopangidwira la kuyendetsa nyengo ndi demidificier kapena shunier.

Kuunika ndi kuwala kwachilengedwe komanso kuwala kopanda mafuta otsekemera kumatulutsa ultraviolet imene imafola inki ndi kufooketsa ulusi wa mapepala. Shelga imayalani m'chipinda ndi matani oyera kapena filimu yopaka UV pawindo. Ngati mufuna kutsegula volume, isungeni pamalo opepuka kwambiri ndipo zungulirani tsamba losonyezedwalo nthaŵi zonse kuti lizizima.

Mpweya wabwino nawonso ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mapepala. Gwiritsani ntchito popukutira mpweya ndi pheeni ya HEPA m’chipinda chanu chosungiramo zinthu. Pewani kusunga mabuku pafupi ndi copiers, osindikiza, kapena utoto watsopano, pamene zinthu zopangidwa ndi zinthu zokhala ndi mpweya zimafulumira kuwonongeka.

Zinthu Zosungiramo Zinthu Zosaimbidwa m’Mabwinja: Chitsogozo cha Wogula

Si mapulasitiki onse amene amapangidwa. Matumba ooneka bwino amene mumaona m’masitolo a makomiki nthaŵi zambiri ndi polyethylene kapena polypropylene, koma kuti musunge zinthu za nthaŵi yaitali, mufuna zinthu zimene zilidi zofunikira: zopanda asidi, zopanda utsini, ndi zopitira pa Photoic Activity Testition (PAT). Muziyang'ana chizindikiro cha PAT pogula manja, mabodipoti, ndi mabokosi.

Kodi Kusamalira Bwino ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malonjezo?

Nzeru ya osonkhanitsa maseŵero kaŵirikaŵiri imalamula maglove oyera a thonje, koma sayansi ya mbiri yakale yasiya kachitidwe kameneka ka zinthu zozikidwa pa pepala. Cotton glaves ingagundane pamizere yosalimba ndi kuchepetsa kupweteka, kuwonjezera upandu wa kung'amba. Mmalomwake, sambani ndi kuumitsa manja anu musanagwire, ndipo lingalirani kuvala magilovu ngati mukhudza kwambiri mavoliyumu osalimba kapena amtengo wapatali. Nitle gloves akupereka kuwonongeka kokwanira ndi kosasiya.

  • Kawonekera msana: Musatsegule mantage patebulo pokhapo ngati chiboo chakhala chofeŵa. Tallobon, yalani m'manja mwanu kapena gwiritsirani ntchito buku kuchirikiza mtsamiro kutsegulira.
  • Kusadya kapena kumwa: Kusunga chakudya ndi zinthu zina kutali ndi zopereka zanu. Ngakhale kutayika pang'ono kungapangitse kuipitsa kosasinthika ndi kukopa tizilombo.
  • Zotsegulira za Page: kwa mabuku okhala ndi masamba ofeŵa, gwiritsirani ntchito timicropspatula toyera ndi touma kapena kapepala kukweza masamba pang’onopang’ono ndi kutembenutsa mmalo mwa kutsitsa ndi zala zanu.

Kuyeretsa ndi Kukonza Zinthu Zochepa: Kukonza Maselo a Chigololo: Kuthandiza kwa Akatswiri

Pulufu ndi fumbi zingachotsedwe ndi bulasho wofewa, wachilengedwe kapena nsalu ya microbrebre yongofunika kuchotsa mabuku. Ikani bukulo litatsekedwa kwambiri choncho fumbi silimasefa pakati pa masamba, ndipo limapeta kunja kwa msana. Kuchotsa n’kotheka kugwiritsa ntchito chopumira chapansi ndi HEPA sefa yopanda madzi komanso nsalu yoyera, koma kuika kansalu ka tchizi pa chinsalu cha tchizi kuti asanyowale zidutswa.

Musayese kukonza masamba odulidwa ndi tepi yapadera. Mapepala omatira angapepuke, obzindi, ndipo osatuluka konse. Ngati kung'amba tsamba kumachepetsa kwambiri kulimba kwa volume yamtengo wapatali, funsani kwa katswiri wa mapepala. Mukhoza kupeza imodzi kudzera pa American Institute for Conservation (AIC) . Mofananamo, osayesa kupenta kapena kuchiritsa mabala a mapuloteni kunyumba. Kuchiritsa kumeneku kumafunikira njira yotetezera pepalalo kuti lisawonongedwe.

Kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chotsani pepala lokhala ndi chiwiya chapulasitiki. Kuchotsa bukulo kwa milungu ingapo kungaphe tizilombo togwira ntchito, koma zimenezi ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamala kuti mupeŵe kuwonongeka kwa zinthu. Mulembe bukulo m'pepala, ikani m'thumba la zipusi, ndi kuzizira pa 020 F kwa pafupifupi milungu iŵiri. Pambuyo pake, lolani thumbalolo lifike ku firiji kuti lisatseke nthunzi kuti lisatulukire pamwamba pa buku lozizira.

Kusinthanitsa Zopereka Zanu: Njira Yamakono Yosungira

Pamene kuli kwakuti kupima kwa manambala sikungalowe mmalo mwa chimwemwe cha mphamvu yakuthupi, kupanga ndi kusunga malo osungira zinthu za magetsi kumagwira ntchito ziŵiri: kumakulolani kuŵerenga zinthuzo popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zoyamba, ndipo kumagwira ntchito monga chothandizira munthu akakumana ndi tsoka. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwachizoloŵezi, makina ozungulira ndi CCD amawoneka bwino ku auntain cell at menu; CCD scanner imajambula mfundo zambiri ndi kukhala ndi zopotozedwa pang'ono. Amayesa kupereŵera 300 dpi pa masamba a black ndi mhlophe ndi dpi kaamba ka malembo kapena mizere yozoloŵetsedwa. Samalani mafaleshoni mu kompyuta monga ngati CD yojambula foni, ndiyeno kupanga ma JPEG kapena PDFS kaamba ka kuŵerenga tsiku ndi tsiku la tsiku.

Pangani mafaelo anu a manambala ndi maina a misonkhano imene imaphatikizapo mpambo, nambala, ndi deti la kusanthula. Konzani mafaira aakulu pa pafupifupi madalaivala aŵiri osiyana osungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, ndi kulingalira za ntchito yothandizira m'mitambo. Madaya-amu ayenera kuphatikizapo magwero a scan (mzere, "kusindikiza koyamba, 1986 Shogakan") kotero kuti ofufuza a mtsogolo adzadziŵe makope amene munasunga.

Inshuwalansi, Kusunga Mabuku, ndi Kulemba

Pamene zopereka zanu zikula kuposa mavoliyumu angapo a malingaliro, ziyenera kuonedwa monga chuma cha ndalama. Buku latsatanetsatane ndilo maziko a masheya alionse a inshuwalansi kapena mapu a malo. Buku lanu liyenera kuphatikizapo, pa voliyumu iliyonse: mutu, wolemba/alitist, wofalitsa, makope / kusindikiza, chaka, magiredi apadera (monga chizindikiro cha manambala pa thumba la mabwinja), ndi mtengo woyerekeza wamakono wosintha. Chithunzi chilichonse chikumbukira, chikuto choyambirira, chikumbuku, msana, ndi mikhalidwe ina iliyonse yotchuka ngati obi vrice kapena yoperekerapo katundu wokwezetsa.

Inshuwalansi ya mwininyumba kapena wobwereka nyumba ya munthu wamba kaŵirikaŵiri imabisa zinthu zaumwini, koma ingakhale ndi malire otsika kaamba ka zopezedwa ndi ndalama zoŵerengeka, zimene zimachepetsa kukwera kwa ndalama. Makampani amene amasonkhanitsa ndalama za malonda . kwa vintage, mtengo wa malonda ungakhale wokwera kwambiri kuposa mtengo woyambirira. Pitani kulipirira inshuwalansi yanu kuti mukambirane nkhani yanu yaumwini yondandandandalika kapena yosonkhanitsa inshuwalansi. Makampani amene amasonkhanitsa ndalama zoyenerera kumvetsetsa msika ndi kuvomerezana kumene inu ndi ndalama zoikizira ndalamazo zikugwirizana pa mtengo wa chinthu chisanatayike. Chondekani kukambirana chanu chaku

Zolakwa Zofala Zoyenera Kupeŵa

Ngakhale osonkhanitsa osamala angawononge mabuku awo mosadziŵa. Pano pali mbuna zoti muonere:

  • Kupalasa manga molasira popanda chochilikiza: Kulemera kungawomba msana ndi zomangira crack. Nthaŵi zonse sungani pansi ndi mabuku a ukulu wofanana, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito mabukhu kutetezera kumira.
  • [[FLT :0] Kuyeretsa: [[FLT :1] Kuchotsa kopambanitsa kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala opopera kuchotsa kugwedeza kwa pepala ndi kupangitsa fumbi kukhala lofinyika.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kubisa jaketi lafumbi: tallobon ya Japan kaŵirikaŵiri imabwera ndi majekete afumbi ofeŵa. Ngati a inu adakali ndi limodzi, itetezeni ndi chivundikiro choyera. Kukhalapo kwa jasi lafumbi loyambirira kungawirikiza kaŵiri kapena katatu mtengo wa buku.
  • Kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa garaji zosakhala zolamulira: m'galaji kungafike 10°F kapena kuposapo m'chilimwe ndi kuzizira m'nyengo yachisanu, kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa mapepala kuwonjezereka.
  • Kufuna kufufuza: [[FT:1] Manulirani kalendala yobwerezabwereza kuyang'ana zopereka zanu miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Muziyang'ana zizindikiro za tizilombo, kufukula, kapena kuyambitsa nkhungu, ndi nkhani za asanayambe kufalikira.

Kumanga Chopereka

Kusonkhanitsa manga ndi zinthu zamoyo. Mwakukometsera mosamalitsa, kukongola mowona mtima, ndi kusunga zinthu motsutsana ndi sayansi, mumachita zambiri kuposa kungosunga chuma; mumasunga kumbukiridwa kwa chinthu chimene chaumba pulogalamu yapadziko lonse. Kugaŵana zopereka zanu ndi anthu anzanu okonda, kutenga nawo mbali pa Intaneti kuti mupereke mfundo zotetezera, ndi kulingalira zokongoletsera zinthu ku malaibulale kapena misonkhano zimene zili ndi chitetezo choyenera ndi malo okhala. Pamene tiona mabuku ameneŵa kukhala zinthu zosasintha, nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri idzakhalapo kuti ikope anthu oŵerenga ndi ojambula zithunzi zapangika.