Kuchuluka kwa Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo Otengedwa ku Anime M’makompyuta a ku Ulaya

Azungu ojambula zithunzi akutembenukira kwambiri ku aimage ndi manga monga magwero a kuwunikira ndi kusimba, kuphatikiza misonkhano yachijapani ya kupekedwa ndi miyambo yawo ya chikhalidwe ndi yaluso . Chotulukapo ndicho kuchuluka kwa zolemba ndi zojambula zojambula zimene zimalingalira ponse paŵiri padziko lonse ndi malo enieni. Kuphatikiza kumeneku sikutsanzira “maso aakulu" ndi mizere ya liŵiro; ndiko kusankha kwadala kumene kumapanga nkhani zofotokoza, kuloŵetsamo anthu achibadwa, ndi kutsegulira njira zatsopano za kujambula.

Kudutsa France, Italy, Spain, ndi kutsogolo, mungathe kuona kusintha kumeneku kwa chiŵerengero chomalemba a maseŵero amene amaika patsogolo khalidwe lokhala ndi malingaliro, maluso amphamvu, ndi kugwirizana kosasonkhanitsidwa kwa tsatanetsatane ndi kutsogolo kosonyeza. Kwa oŵerenga ndi olenga mofanana, kuipitsa kumeneku kumapereka kusangalatsa: nkhani zimene zimasonyeza za ku Ulaya pamene zikugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya kanetic ndi kusinthika zimene zimapereka. Chizoloŵezicho chimasonyezanso choonadi chofunika ponena za luso la zojambula m'nyengo ya pa intaneti: chimadutsa m'malire mofeŵera mofewa, kudutsa mosinthasinthana nthaŵi.

M’nkhani ino, tipenda mmene ojambula zithunzithunzi za zoseketsa a ku Ulaya akusinthira ku kukongola kwa zinthu, kupenda njira za kulenga zimene ntchito yawo ikugwirira ntchito, ndi kuyang’ana mmene kugaŵira kwa makompyuta ndi nkhani za chikhalidwe kukusinthira njira yoŵerengera ya dziko lonse.

Mbiri Yakale: Mmene Anime Anapezera Nyumba m’Makomboni a ku Ulaya

Unansi pakati pa makomiki a ku Ulaya ndi ojambula sunayambe mu 2020. Anime choyamba analoŵa m'nzeru ya ku Ulaya m’njira yatanthauzo mkati mwa ma 1980 ndi 1990, pamene mpambo wa wailesi yakanema wonga Kaptain Tubasa, [[FLT:] , RAGAMUN Ball [[FL:3], ndi Sailor Moon [[FL:5] adaulutsidwa m'maiko onga France, Italy, ndi Spain. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kunali kotchuka; iwo anayambitsa kakhalidwe kosiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana kaonekedwe ka zinthu, kamaganizo, ndi kakhalidwe koipa koipa, ndi ka k'kasinthasintha ka mafilimu.

Fazines, misonkhano yoyambirira, ndi matepi otengedwa kuchokera ku VHS anapanga chitaganya cha udzu. Pofika kuma 2000, kugulitsa manga ku France kunali kutawonjezeka, ndipo Franco-Belgian mbande dessinée mwambo , wofotokozedwa ndi [FOLT:] lignon colaire [[FLT:] ndi tsatanetsatane, malo osungirako a Manga. Mungathe kujambula zimenezi mwa ntchito za ojambula onga Frédéga Bot, amene anachirikiza “mayendedwe a anthu a ku Ulaya, kuphatikiza nkhani yachijamba ndi chinenero chachijapani. Kujambula kumeneku koyambirira kwa chiyambi chamakono.

Tsopano, mbadwo wa akatswiri a zojambulajambula amene anakulira ponse paŵiri Astérix ndi Naruto akuyendetsa funde lamakono. Ntchito yawo simangogwira mawu a m'malere; imasintha mawu ake ndi kuwayambitsanso m'nkhani za ku Ulaya. Mbiri yakale imakhudza zinthu chifukwa chakuti imasonyeza kuti maluwa amakono a zambo ndi oyambira m’kukambitsirana kwa zaka makumi ambiri, osati chikhoterero chamwadzidzidzi.

Kulankhula kwa Zowoneka: Kuyenda, Kutuluka kwa Mawu, ndi Kuyenda kwa Malo Osungirako

Anime aesthetics ayambukira a Webtoons ndi makomiki pamlingo wa kumanga. Makomiki a Franco-Belgian kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito kupima, kulinganiza kwa maluwa ndi mawonekedwe a mzere wofanana ndi machitidwe. Nkhani ya Anime, mosiyana, kusimba, ndi nthaŵi: Kusewerako kwanthaŵi ya mtima wapamwamba, kumagwetsa ntchito m'malongosoledwe ofulumira, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito malo achete kwambiri kuti akhazikitse mtima.

Opanga zinthu a ku Ulaya atengera njira zimenezi kuti asinthe mmene nkhani zimamvera. Mupeza malo amene ali pafupi ndi maso a munthu, akumapereka kusamvana kwa mkati mwa munthu popanda liwu limodzi. Kutsatizana konseko kufutukulidwa mwa chilankhulo cha thupi ndi malo okhala mmalo mwa kulankhulana. Njira imeneyi, yofala mu mega, tsopano yagwirizanitsidwa mokwanira m'masewero a zinenero za ku Ulaya.

Zithunzi zamphamvu, nazonso, zimabwereka kwambiri ku anime . Mizere ya liŵiro, mafire, ndi kusinjirira kwa mawonekedwe amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kupangitsa kuyendayenda kumene kumadumpha kanema. Koma akatswiri a ku Ulaya kaŵirikaŵiri amasunga maluso ameneŵa ndi lingaliro lamphamvu la malo. Kumenyana m'chipangizo cha Paris kungapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe enieni a matanthwe ndi kufeŵa, mlengalenga, monga momwe omenya nkhondowo amachitira. Kuphatikizana kumeneku kwa madrakeman ndi kachinee kachipangizo katsopano kojambula.

Zakumapeto: Njira Zopangira Asilimu Zikusintha M’macomics a ku Ulaya

Technique Original Context Adapted Use in European Comics
Speed Lines Depict rapid movement Energises action while maintaining detailed backgrounds
Varying Panel Sizes Control reader pacing Creates dramatic emphasis and emotional beats
Decompressed Storytelling Extended silences, subtle gestures Builds atmosphere in slice-of-life and drama webtoons
Simplified Facial Features Immediate emotional clarity Allows quick identification of mood without losing individuality

Kupangidwa kwa Kaonekedwe Kake: Pakati pa Mipangidwe ya Anime ndi Chizindikiritso cha Azungu

Malo apadera a ku Ulaya amayambira ndi maso aakulu a antime, okongola ndi tsitsi lotumbuluka koma amalemba zinthu zimene zimasonyeza mafashoni a kumaloko, kusiyanasiyana kwa thupi, ndi chikhalidwe. Zotsatira zake ndizo zilembo zoyambirira zimene zimapeŵa maonekedwe a mtundu winawo nthaŵi zina ogwirizana ndi manga opangidwa ndi magilamu.

Mungathe kuona zimenezi m’maluwa a ku Ulaya kwenikweni, kumene zilembo zimavala mitundu yotha kusinthasintha, ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a thupi, ndi tsitsi lachikasu limene silingakhale lopanda malo ake pa sitima ya m’Milan kapena ku Berlin. Kusamalira mtundu kumeneku kumapangitsa zilembozo kukhazikika pamene zikusunga kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro kwa zilembo za aime.

[[FLT: 0] Akatswiri ambiri amawonjezera maluso awo mwa kujambula mwaluso asanapange ntchito yoyambirira. Masinthidwe monga [[FLT:] Instag ndi [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [maluso ambiri] amadzazidwa ndi ojambula a ku Ulaya akufotokozanso zilembo zotchuka, kachitidwe kamene kamawongoletsera kawo kapangidwe ndi ka mawu. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, maluso ameneŵa amatumizidwa ku zolengedwa zoyambirira zimene zimanyamula DNA ya zinthu zokhala ndi zolankhula koma zolankhula ku Ulaya.

Kusintha Zinthu, Kuchokera Kumene Kuli, ndi Mbali ya M’mlengalenga

Kumene kunapangidwa zinthu zambiri zotchedwa aimine zopepuka kapena kukulira m'malo osungira nthaŵi, ojambula zithunzi zamaseŵero a ku Ulaya kaŵirikaŵiri amajambula zithunzi zowopsa. Zimenezi zimachokera ku mwambo wautali wa zojambula zolembedwa bwino za Franco-Belgian, kuchokera ku mzinda wa Hergé wa Hergé mpaka malo okongola a Jean Giraud (Mobius).

Pamene ojambula zithunzi a ku Ulaya ajambula zinthu zokongola, amapanga malo okhala ndi tsatanetsatane wosonyeza zinthu zodabwitsa. Chiwonetsero cha nkhalango chingawone masamba ndi kuwala kokongola, pamene kuli kwakuti mzinda wotchuka umasunga kulemera kwa zinthu ndi nzeru. Kuphatikizana kumeneku kumapangitsa dziko kumva kukhala laluso ndi lochititsa chidwi, ngakhale pamene nkhaniyo yalembedwa yaphwanyika.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kwawonjezera chizolowezi chimenechi. Makompyuta monga Clip Studio Paint ndi Procrete amathandiza ojambula zithunzi kuti apange malo ovuta kwambiri popanda kutaya mtima wa mkono. Njira zokokera zokokedwa kuchokera ku kachipangizo ka nzimbe zingachititse kuti mpweya ukhale wozama kwambiri. Kugwetsa zilembo za neon usiku, kuwala kwa mmaŵa kutsegulidwa pawindo . Kuwala kwa m’mawa kumachititsa kuti anthu azikumbukira zinthu zambiri.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu kwa Anthu Achikulire: Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Opanga a ku Ulaya sakuchepetsa kukongola kwa zinthu kuti achite sshōnen kapena chikondi chapamwamba; akukokera zithunzi zimenezi m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma genres. Fantasy ndi masewero, makamaka, amapindula ndi luso la aimae la ziyambukiro zamatsenga ndi luso la kujambula. Koma chimene chimasiyanitsa njira ya ku Ulaya ndiyo kufunitsitsa kuyambitsa nkhani zauchikulire popanda kutsalira.

Makomiki a achikulire . Awo amene akufufuza maunansi ocholoŵana, kuya kwake kwa maganizo, kapena kuwona kwa makhalidwe a anthu . Akatswiri ojambula zisonkhezero za aime angawone kuwunikira malingaliro kupyolera m'mawonekedwe ndi kalankhulidwe ka thupi kosaoneka pamene akugwiritsirabe ntchito mphamvu ya maso imene imasunga oŵerenga kulembedwa. Mbali imodzi yodziŵika ndiyo chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha LGBTQ + nkhani zimene zimagwiritsira ntchito kuyanjana kwa ani ndi kamzera kamodzi posonyeza kulimba ndi kufunitsitsa.

Genres akuphatikizananso m’njira zatsopano. Mndandanda ungayambe monga chinthu chongoyerekezera ndi kuyambitsa pang'onopang’ono nkhani zenizeni za dziko monga thanzi la maganizo, kusintha kwa nyengo, kapena kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe. Chikhalidwe chokulirachi cha ku Ulaya cha kugwiritsira ntchito masewero monga galimoto ya ndemanga, koma chinenero chochititsa chidwi cha ainte chita kuti mauthengawo azikhala osavuta kwa achinyamata, padziko lonse. Kupambana kwa ntchito zotero kumasonyeza kuti kuyerekezera kwa anthu a ku Ulaya kuphatikiza [1] ndi kuyerekezera kwabwino kwa [1] ndiko kumachititsa kuti a ku Ulaya azikhala ndi mphamvu yokhalirabe.

Makirati ndi Kudzifalitsa Kosiyanasiyana: Kufikira Gulu la Anthu Padziko Lonse

Kukula kophulika kwa webtoon ndi maseŵero a manambala ndi magome a zanthanthi zakhala mthandizi wamkulu wa gulu la mtanda limeneli. Malembo onga Webtoon Cassy ndi Tapas amalola akatswiri a ku Ulaya kufalitsa ntchito yawo mwachindunji kwa dziko lonse, kudutsa osunga zipata amwambo. Kutembenuza kwa kugaŵira kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti wojambula wa ku Italy angapange denga la windo ku Brazil, United States, ndi Indonesia panthaŵi imodzi.

Kudzifufuza kumathandiza olenga kuyang'anira ndandanda yawo, zimene ali nazo, ndiponso kalembedwe kawo ka zinthu. Ojambula angaone kuti ndi nkhani ziti zimene zimamveka, kusintha kusimba kwawo, ndi kukulitsa mudzi pa ntchito yawo. Mzere wolunjika umenewu kwa oŵerenga ndi wofunika kwambiri pa ntchito za malo amene angavutike kupeza wofalitsa pamsika wa Franco ndi Belgian.

Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito foni ndi pulogalamu ya pa Intaneti n’kofunika kwambiri. Anthu a ku Ulaya amayesetsa kukonza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi mipukutu yopita kutsogolo. Anthu ojambula zithunzi za ku Ulaya apeza njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zinthu zazitali, zopitiriza zimene zimagwiritsa ntchito bwino, kutsogolera diso pansi pamene akusungabe kulimba kwa mtima kochokera ku manga. Kupendekeka kwake kumakwera, koma amene amaphunzira kuima, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri, mipata ya kutengera zinthuzo.

Makampani Ofalitsa Nkhani, Anthu, ndi Malamulo a Malo Olankhulana ndi Anthu

Pambuyo pa mapulatifomu opatulidwa, mapulogalamu a zaumoyo akugwira ntchito zonse ziŵiri monga chiŵiya chokweza ndi kulenga. Akatswiri amagwiritsira ntchito Instagram kugoma kuti agaŵane magawo a nthaŵi yojambula, Tuttert meat kusekerera zidutswa zobwera, ndi olemba nyimbo kuti apange midzi yolimbitsa thupi. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumasintha oŵerenga aulesi aulesi kukhala okangalika amene amagaŵana, kupanga maluso ojambula, ndi opanga ndalama kudzera ku Patreon kapena Kofi.

Kwa awo ofuna kufutukuka kuposa malo a magetsi, kugulitsa ma mail kumakhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Mabaibulo a Chingelezi a akuluakulu angatsegule misika ya North America ndi UK, pamene kuli kwakuti kugwirizana ndi ofalitsa a ku Ulaya monga Dupuis kapena Casterman kumapatsa ulemu ndi shelefu yapathupi. Mawebtoon ena asindikiza makope a makompyuta pambuyo popanga manambala amphamvu otsatira, kuphatikiza pamodzi zabwino koposa za maiko onse aŵiriwo.

Kusimba nkhani za media kukuwonjezekanso. Nkhani za pa Webtoon zikusinthidwa kukhala zojambula zazifupi, maseŵera otsatsa malonda, ndiponso ngakhale masewero a mawu. Wawtoon wa ku France ponena za gulu la anthu ofufuza achilendo, mwachitsanzo, anayambitsa mzera wa malonda a anthu ndi woyendetsa ndege wothandizidwa ndi anthu ake. Zinthu zimenezi sizimangobweretsa ndalama zambiri komanso zimakulitsanso malonda a otsalira zinthu zopeka. Akatswiri a ku Ulaya, chitsanzo nchomveka bwino: Webtoon ndi wild, ndi zonse , makampani oulutsa malonda, mabaibulo, kupanga zinthu zopanga zinthu zopanga zinthu.

Mitu ya Chikhalidwe: Chizindikiritso, Sosaite, ndi Chiletso m’Chikomezi Cholembedwa

Amisiri a ku Ulaya akugwiritsira ntchito mawu osonyeza kukongola kwa thupi pouza anthu nkhani zimene zili zofunika kwa iwo. Nthano za amuna, fuko, kugonana, ndi thanzi lamaganizo zimene zimafuna kufulumira ndi kukhala munthu. Kuonekera kwa mutu kumasonyezedwa bwino kwambiri kuyerekezera mavuto a mkati mwa thupi. Nkhaŵa ya munthu ingawonedwe ndi mpangidwe wakuda, wopanikiza, kapena wogwedezeka, mbali za chiyambi zimene zimasonyeza mkhalidwe wake wa maganizo.

LGBTQ+ mitu imapezeka kaŵirikaŵiri, ndi kumveka bwino kumene kumatchula bwino kwambiri manga. Olenga angasonyeze kugwirizana kokulirapo komakulakula ndi kucholoŵana, akumagwiritsira ntchito mafanizo a maso amene agwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, zochitika zenizeni za chitaganya ku Ulaya zimaumba nkhani zimenezi, kuchokera ku njira imene anthu amagwiritsira ntchito poyang'anira malo a anthu kutsutsana kwa ndale zimene zatchulidwa m'mbuyo.

Afropuruism yapezanso mphamvu. [[FLT :1] Opanga ena a ku Africa okhala ku Ulaya amaphatikiza zithunzi zouziridwa ndi nthano zongoyerekezera zimene zimayerekezera mtsogolo mwa anthu akuda. Zimenezi zimaphatikiza kutsutsa kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya anthu a ku Ulaya ndi kusonyeza mmene mitundu ya ku Ulaya ingathandizire mawu ochititsa chidwi. Mndandanda wina wotero umaphatikizapo zochitika za mtundu wa aime ndi zopeka ndi zojambula zopeka, zosintha nyengo ndi kusagwirizana kwa mafuko.

Kuzindikira za thanzi lamaganizo ndi mutu wina wobwerezabwereza. Opanga a pa Webtoon, ndi mipukutu yawo yakuya ndi mawu oyamba ofotokoza, amadziloŵetsa okha m'kufufuza nkhaŵa, kupsinjika maganizo, ndi kupsinjika maganizo. Mwakutengera mwambo wa aime wa kugwiritsira ntchito mafanizo opambanitsa osonyeza zinthu ndi chibadwa cha kuwonongeka, kumira, kapena kumira . Olenga a ku Yuropu amapanga zochitika zovuta kufotokoza bwino mawu okha. Chotulukapo ndicho ntchito yomwe ili yongopeka ndi yothandiza kusiyanitsa zinthu ndi kugwirizanitsa anthu.

Mabungwe Odabwitsa ndi Zosinthanitsa Zojambula

Kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa azungu ndi a ku Japan kwathandiza kwambiri kukambirana kwa chikhalidwe. Makampani oyendera pamodzi, kuonetsera pamodzi, ndi masewero a masewero alola maluso ndi mafilosofi kuchitika m'njira zonse ziŵiri. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wa zoseketsa wa ku Ulaya Barbara Canepa wagwira ntchito kwambiri ndi anthu a ku Japan omwe amafalitsa mabuku, kubweretsa kumveka kwabwino kumene kumagwirizanitsa ligne ndi manga jaluss ku maprojects monga “Sky Doll".

Kufunsa kofalitsidwa mu International Journal of Comic Art ndi njira zina zaukatswiri zimasonyeza mmene kugwirizana kumeneku kumagwira ntchito. Pali ulemu wina ndi mnzake waluso, komanso kuyesayesa kwakhama kupeŵa kupeka. Akatswiri a ku Japan kaŵirikaŵiri amawona chisamaliro cha ku Ulaya ku zomangamanga ndi mafotokozedwe a mitundu, pamene akatswiri a zojambulajambulajambula za ku Ulaya amakhumbira chuma ndi kulinganiza kwa mtima kwa manga. Mmalo mwa kusiyanitsa, kusinthana kumeneku kumakukondwerera, kuyambitsa masewero omwe amalingalira kukhala ponse paŵiri kukhala ozama ndi opanda malire.

Opanga zinthu zaching'ono amanena kuti anthu a pa Intaneti ndi ojambula zithunzi athandiza kuti munthu athe ku Barcelona komanso wolemba mabuku ku Tokyo kupanga utooni popanda kukumana. Zotsatira zake ndi luso lochokera ku dziko lonse limene sililinso la chikhalidwe chimodzi.

Kufufuza za Malo: Matelefoni Aŵiri Opita ku Anime - Inspous Olembedwa ku Ulaya

Kupenda maluso ena kungakumbukire mmene malo a ku Ulaya otengera a aimage akhalira osiyanasiyana. Talingalirani za Webtoon yotchuka ya ku France imene imasumika pa mkazi wachichepere woyenda pa yunivesite pamene akulimbana ndi kuukira kwa mantha. Kalembedwe ka luso kayambukiridwa mowonadi ndi shōjo manga , mizere ya maluwa, maluwa a maluwa, mawonekedwe a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mawonekedwe okongola a maluwa a mtundu wa a a kachifrenchi. Koma makhazikitsidwewo ndiwo mzinda wa ku France wokhoza kuulutsidwa, wokwanira ndi misewu ya makhwalala ndi maresi otchuka. Episodes amagwiritsa ntchito malongosoledwe a protagonistss kutumiza dziko la mkati, ndi mabaibulo otchuka a m'zinenero zambiri.

Nkhani ina ndi ya utoto wandale wouziridwa ndi gulu la akatswiri a zojambulajambula ku Italy ndi Spain. Zojambulazo zimawomba kuwoneka kowonekedwa kwa kuwona kwa makhalidwe a anthu koma zimaphatikizapo kusinjirira kwa mtundu wa kakhalidwe , ziŵerengero zowopsya zimaimira mphamvu ya kampani; mofulumira, mizere ya liŵiro yotsagana ndi zochitika zotsutsa. Nkhani yofotokoza mwachindunji kusintha kwa nyengo, kusamuka, ndi chisalungamo cha mafuko, kugwiritsa ntchito Afururist diacts kuyerekezera njira za kusintha. Pamene kuli kwakuti malonda ayamba kukambitsirana m'masukulu ndi kufalitsanso m'manyuzipepala a ku Ulaya, kusonyeza kuthekera kwa kusintha kwa kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kusamuka kwa anthu otchuka.

Kufufuza kumeneku kumasonyeza kuti palibe njira imodzi imene imalongosola mkhalidwewo.

Tsogolo la Maselo Opanga Achiamoni a ku Ulaya

Kuyang'ana kutsogolo, ma tratodor angapo amaoneka ngati ali othekera. Choyamba, luntha lopanga ndi zipangizo zapamwamba zamagetsi zidzapitirizabe kuchepetsa zopinga, kutheketsa opanga okha kupanga ntchito imene imafanana ndi ntchito ya ma holotu ang'onoang'ono. Kujambula kwa mitundu, 3D, kuphatikizana, ndi kutembenuza kwa AI-kuphatikizapo kuchititsa kutulutsa zinthu mofulumizitsa pamene ojambula zithunzi zaluso amaika maganizo pa nkhani ndi kalembedwe kaonekedwe kake. Chachiŵiri, chikhumbo cha chikhalidwe cha nkhani zosiyanasiyana, padziko lonse chidzakula, kusonkhezera akatswiri a ku Ulaya kupenda mfundo zimene zingapeŵedwe. Chachitatu, mafashoni a projective syl , masting, kapena zinthu zina zolankhula za m'malemba mawu, kapena zolankhula zamakono zimatsutsana ndi mafotokozedwe a zimene zingafanane ndi Webton.

Sukulu za zojambula za ku Ulaya zikuyambanso kusintha maluso awo asukulu, ndi maphunziro a manga ndi nkhani za magetsi zimene zimasonyeza chenicheni chatsopano. Kuzindikira kumeneku kungatulutse mbadwo watsopano wa akatswiri ojambula zithunzi zimene zimawona kuti zojambula zakuda siziri zachilendo koma monga mbali yaikulu ya chiwiya chawo chopangira zinthu. Pamene aloŵa m’munda, msanganizowo udzakula, kukhala wochepera pa mkhalidwe wa kuzindikira ndi njira yosatsimikizirika ya olemba nkhani za kunyada.

Kwa oŵerenga, zonsezi zimatanthauza kusiyanasiyana, mkhalidwe wapamwamba, ndi nkhani zimene zimayambukira miyambo. Kaya mukopeke ndi maphunziro a makhalidwe ovuta, zoyerekezera, kapena kutomerana kwa anthu, malo a zauwtoon a ku Ulaya amapereka kanthu kena kamene kamawoneka ponse paŵiri kukhala kozoloŵereka ndi katsopano kotheratu.