Dziko limene tikukhala lerolino ndi chotulukapo cha zaka zikwi zambiri za zoyesayesa za anthu, mikangano, ndi kupangidwa kwa zinthu. Nyengo iriyonse inasiya chizindikiro chosaiwalika, kuthandizira ku cholembedwa chocholoŵana cha kutsungula. Kutali ndi kukhala fumbi la madeti, mbiri ikukhala m’mabungwe athu, maluso athu, ndipo ngakhale m’zochitika zathu. Ulendo umenewu ukupenda zochitika zofunika zimene zinapanga dziko lamakono ndi kuumba chizindikiritso chosonyezedwa m’dzina lanu.

Makhalidwe Akale: Maziko a Sosaite

Kale maufumu asanafike m'makontinenti, zitaganya zoyambirira zocholoŵana zinabuka m'zigwa za mtsinje wa Mesopotamiya, Egypt, Indus , ndi China. Pafupifupi 4500 BCE, Sumeria [1] ya kummwera kwa Mesopotamiya, mizinda yoyamba, monga Uruk ndi Uri. Zolemba zake zokhalitsa zinali kupangidwa kwa [] BCE] kuzungulira 3400, njira yolembera yovomerezera malembo alamulo, ndi mabuku omwe anatsatira kujambula kwa Gilgalamush [[FLT:].

Kumadzulo, Aegipto [[FLT: 0] adagwiritsa ntchito magumula odziŵika bwino a Nile kumanga ufumu wosagwedezeka. Pyramids ya Giza , omangidwa kuzungulira 2500 BCE, amakhalabe chipangano cha maluso awo a zomangamanga, masamu, ndi gulu la ntchito zapakatikati. Hierylyphics anakongoletsa makoma a kachisi, kulengeza malo aumulungu a Faroas ndi kujambula miyambo yachipembedzo imene imagwirizanitsa dzikolo. Panthaŵiyi, Kutchuka kwa dziko lapansi [FLT] (c6: 5,5]) (c. 2.1.B1.B999) anagwirizana ndi mapulani a mizinda ngati Mohjoaptop, ndi Harrop, ndi kujambula kwake kwapamwamba kwa mlingo wa dziko lonse, ndipo anatengera mbali zina za dziko lapansi.

Ku East Asia, ufumu wa SSL . [[FLT: 0] unayamba kupanga malembo a bronze, bungwe locholoŵana lachitchaina, ndi zolemba zakale kwambiri pa mafupa a olemba. Zotsatira Zamzera wachifumu zinayambitsa “Madeti a Kumwamba, [1] nthanthi imene inagwirizanitsa kuyenera kwa wolamulira kulamulira mwachilungamo [1] lingaliro lomveka ku Chitchaina ndi logwirizanabe ndi malingaliro andale lerolino. Kusintha kumeneku kunayala mbewu za malonda, lamulo, ndi chikhalidwe chimene chikafalikira m’maiko ambiri.

Nyengo Yakalekale: Filosofi ndi Ulamuliro

Pamene tilingalira za maziko a malingaliro a Kumadzulo, mizinda ya Greece wakale imakwera mofulumira. Ku Athens m’zaka za zana la 5 ndi la 4 BCE, Sacrates Sunafunsa nzeru zachisawawa kupyola pa kukambitsirana, Plato [Mafuko] [[FLT:] Plato] [[FLT: 3] adalingalira za dziko lolamulidwa ndi wafilosofi wa Kumadzulo , komanso kuchirikiza maphunziro a Chisilamu ndi Chitukuko, ngakhale kuti anthu a m'dziko lachimuna ankayambitsa mfundo za kugawana za boma lamakono.

Kumadzulo, mzinda waung'ono wa Tiber unakula kukhala Romania Republic [1] , imene kuyambira 509 BCE inakonzabe malamulo osiyanasiyana ndi kuyang'anirana pakati pa mabungwe, Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndi misonkhano yotchuka. Malamulo ake a boma (panfasementss [pa [pamatementi Khumi ndi khumi ndi aŵiri] BEMF, mfundo za makhalidwe abwino zokhalabe zokhala ndi malamulo ambiri. Potsirizira pake Republic inasintha ufumu wa Augustus ndi kulowa mu Pax Roma . [2] [2] (27] BCEPAFLD ) [1], nyengo iŵiri ya mtendere pakati pa anthu, ndi maluso, ndi kufalikira kwa ku Britain, ndi kufalikira kwa Chikristu cha ku Mesopotamiya ku Mesopotamiya.

Alexander Wamkulu anagonjetsa (336-323 BCE) adagwirizana kale dziko lalikulu la Chihelene, kuphatikiza chilankhulo ndi chikhalidwe cha Agiriki ndi Aigupto, Aperisiya, ndi Aindiya. Laibulale ya Alexandria inakhala chizindikiro cha chidziŵitso, ndi sayansi, masamu, ndi zojambula zopezedwa kumeneko zikakhalabe ndi Aslamu Ageen. Motero, Nyengo ya Classic inapereka kwa Aidscrates kuti ikhale ndi moyo wamakono wofufuza ndi wandale zimene zidakalipobe.

Nyengo Zapakati: Kusintha ndi Kusintha

Kuikidwa kwa mfumu ya Roma ya Kumadzulo yomalizira mu 476 CE kwakhala kodziŵika monga chiyambi cha Nyengo Zapakati. M'zaka mazana zotsatira, Ulaya anagaŵikana kukhala maufumu a Jemani, pamene theka lakummaŵa la ufumuwo . Byzantium . Anapirira zaka zina chikwi. Faldalism inakhala njira yovomerezeka kumene ambuye anapereka dziko ndi chitetezo cha kubwerera ku utumiki wankhondo ndi ntchito, kuyambitsa chitaganya cha anthu a nyukiliya amene amapanga moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu ochuluka.

Chipembedzo chinakhala mphamvu yogwirizanitsa pambuyo pa Lamulo la Mfumu Constantine la Milan (313 CE) lovomereza Chikristu. Mamonsitaster anasunga malemba a Chisilamu, ndi maphunziro, luso, ndi ndale. Krussades [1] [1095-1291]), amene anayambitsidwa ndi lamulo la papa la kumasula Yerusalemu, anatsegula njira zatsopano zamalonda ndi kusamutsira chidziŵitso kuchokera ku dziko la Chisilamu ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo kupita patsogolo kwa masamu, mankhwala, ndi filosofi. Kulankhulana ndi anthu achangu a Abbas Calipdada kuthandizira kuyambitsanso nzeru zimene zikathandiza kukonzanso kusintha kwa nyengo ya Renaissance.

Komabe dziko la m'nyengo zapakati linadziŵikanso ndi tsoka. Imfa ya Black Death , yomwe inakwera ku Ulaya pakati pa 1347 ndi 1351, inapha pafupifupi 30-60% ya anthu. Kusoŵa kwa ntchito kuchepetsa mphamvu za anthu a m’dziko, kufooka kwa serfdom, ndi kubzala mbewu za kusintha chuma. Midzi yonse inatha, koma inasiyanso zikhoterero zakale, kulola njira zatsopano zopangira ntchito ndi kufunsa ena mowonjezereka ponena za ulamuliro kuti uchite mizu.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu: Kubadwanso kwa Malingaliro

Kuyambira mu 14thnucentury Italy, [[FLT: 0] Renaissance inayambika ndi kupezedwanso kwa malemba akale ndi kuchuluka kwa luso ndi luso la sayansi. Leonardo da Vinci [FLT .] Kujambula chibadwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu: chifaniziro cha mawonekedwe a zinthu, makina ouluka, ndi luso longa Malona Lisah kuphatikiza ndi zojambula za mphiro. [FLT:] [FLT:] Micheloallos . [FLT] Machistellas . [FLT]

Mogwirizana ndi zipambano za akatswiri a sayansi, kusintha kwa sayansi [[FLT: 1] kunasintha kwambiri kumvetsa kwa anthu malo awo m'chilengedwe. Copernicus anatsutsa chithunzi cha mapulaneti mwa kuika Dzuŵa pakati pa dongosolo la dzuŵa, ndi Galilei Galilei anagwiritsira ntchito telescope kugaŵira umboni umene potsirizira pake ukagwedetsa zaka mazana ambiri za chiphunzitso. kusindikiza nyuzipepala yopangidwa ndi Johannesberg pafupifupi 1440, mwinamwake inali luso losintha kwambiri lamakono. Mabuku opezeka ndi ofala, ndi owonjezera, mfundo zatsopano, ndi zosintha, zofalitsa, zowonjezera, zophunzitsa, .

Mzimu wolimba mtima umodzimodziwo unasonkhezera Kufufuza [1]. Alendo a Chipwitikizi ndi Achispanya onga Vasco da Gama ndi Christopher Columbus anatsegula njira zapanyanja zopita ku Asia ndi ku America, kuyambitsa kusinthana kwa mbewu, nyama, matenda, ndi chikhalidwe. Columbian Exchange yasintha kwambiri anthu ndi chuma padziko lonse, akuyala maziko a dziko lapansi lozungulira limene tikulidziŵa lerolino.

Nyengo ya Kuunika: Kulingalira ndi Kusintha Zinthu

[[FLT: 0] Chidziŵitso cha m'zaka za zana la 18 [[FLT: 1] chinachirikiza chifukwa, sayansi, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha pa mwambo ndi ulamuliro wonse. Olingalira anasonkhana m'masalon ndi khofi kuti akambirane za filosofi yandale. [[FLT:] John Locke adatsutsa kuti maboma amapeza mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku ku kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa ndi kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa wa moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma chimene chinasonkhezera mwachindunji Chilengezo cha ku America cha Upatuko. [[FLT:] Maquieuntia a [FLD:5] a maulamuliro ndi maulamuliro [FLD]

Malingaliro ameneŵa anabuka pa makontinenti aŵiri. Chipanduko cha ku Amereka (1775-1783) chinakhazikitsa programu, kutsimikizira kuti kontini ingagonjetse ufumu ndi kuti kulamulirako kukhoza kuzikidwa pa lamulo lolembedwa. [[FLT:] Kusintha kwa French [179-17]) kunali koopsa kwambiri, kugonjetsa mfumu, kuchotsa maudindo a nkhondo, ndi kulengeza zoyenera za dziko lonse lapansi za munthu .

Pakali pano, kusintha kwakukulu kunaonekera modekha mu Britain: Kusintha kwa Mafuko a ku tima kwa . Makina oloŵetsedwa ndi nthunzi, mafakitale, ndi mizinda yochuluka. Kusintha kwamphamvu, mphamvu, ndi injini ya nthunzi sikunangowonjezera chabe kuchuluka komanso kuchotsa moyo wa kumidzi. Dziko linaloŵa nyengo ya kupita patsogolo kwa zinthu zakuthupi, kogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa anthu ndi kuyambika kwa ziphunzitso zatsopano zandale, kuyambira ku socialism kukakhala kuutundu, zimene zikazindikiritsa zaka mazana ambiri kuti zifike.

Zaka za Zana la 20: Kukangana ndi Kusintha

Palibe zaka zana limodzi zokhala ndi kusakaza ndi kulinganiza. Nkhondo ya Dziko I (14-1918) inawononga dongosolo lakale, kubweretsa maufumu anayi ndi kuyambitsa nkhondo ndi mfuti za makina, akasinja, ndi zida za makemikolo. Pangano la Versails la malamulo obwezera ndi chipwirikiti cha zachuma chimene chinatsatirapo chinayambitsa mkwiyo ndi kuthandiza kuyambitsa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya dziko lonse Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse (1945]). Nkhondo imeneyo, yowopsa m'mbiri m'mbiri ya anthu [[FLC:5], inaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito kwa zida za nyukliya ndi kutha kwa nkhondo ya nyukliya. Pambuyo pa United States Union ndi kugaŵikana kwa United States Union monga nkhondo yaikulu ya nkhondo yapadziko lonse yogaŵananso.

Mavuto a zachuma anasiya zipsera zazikulu. Kupsinjika maganizo kwakukulu kumene kunayamba mu 1929 kusakaza chuma padziko lonse, kunyoza laisezłfaire kapitalizimu ndi kuchititsa madongosolo a zachuma ndi oloŵerera. Pambuyo pake, atsogoleri andale olonjeza ndi kubwezeredwanso kwa dziko, kutsogolera ku kukwera kwa Fascism ku Ulaya ndi nkhondo mu Japan. Chilakiko cha Astana mu 1945 chinatsogolera ku kukhazikitsa kwa United Nations, kuyesayesa kuletsa mikangano ya dziko lonse, ndi ku chilengezo cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights mu 1948, ndemanga yotchuka ya makhalidwe inagawana.

Magulu a kakhalidwe anasinthanso magulu a anthu pakati. Civil Rights Movement ku United States , motsogozedwa ndi ziŵerengero zonga Martin Luther King Jr., anachotsa kusankhidwa kwalamulo kupyolera m'chitsutso chosamenyana ndi lamulo lopanga malamulo. Kulimbana kofananako kaamba ka kufanana kwa mafuko, ufulu wa akazi, ndi kuchotsa zigamulo kunasintha mitundu yambiri ya mitundu monga maufumu a ku Ulaya. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, inayamba kugwirizanitsa anthu m’njira zosalingalirika, kukhazikitsa bwalo la dziko lotchukadi.

Nyengo Yapanthaŵi Yathu Ino: Kuyendetsa Chuma ndi Zipangizo Zamakono

Maziko amakono adayalidwa mu 1960 monga gulu lankhondo ndi la maphunziro, koma chinali chiyambi cha Universe ya Dziko Lonse mu 1990 imene inaiika m'nyumba iliyonse ndi thumba. Imai, injini, manyuzi, manyuzi, ndi mafoni awonongeka, chidziŵitso chofufuzidwa, ndi kusintha mmene timagwira ntchito, sitolo, ndi kugwirizana ndi wina. Lerolino, anthu oposa mamiliyoni asanu ali pa Intaneti, ndipo chuma cha pakompyuta chiyendetsa dziko lonse lapansi GDP.

Kusinthasintha kwa mayiko kunayamba kuchitika chifukwa cha mapangano a zamalonda ndi mabungwe monga bungwe la World Trade Organization, kuchititsa kuti anthu azidalirana kwambiri pa zachuma. Makampani ogulitsa katundu tsopano akufalikira m’mayiko ambiri, ndipo mafakitale akutha kuchotsa umphaŵi padziko lonse. Ngakhale kuti anthu mamiliyoni ambiri achotsedwa pa umphaŵi, zinthu zomwezi zachititsanso kuti anthu asiye ntchito ndiponso asokonezeke ndi chikhalidwe. Mliri wa CHOVID . Mliri wa 202019 unasonyeza bwino mmene vuto la zaumoyo lingakhudzire mofulumira padziko lonse lapansi, kuwonjezera kusokonezeka kwa chuma kwa anthu onse.

Mwinamwake vuto lofulumira kwambiri la nyengo yamakono ndilo kusintha kwa zinthu . Kutentha zinthu zakufa kuyambira pa kusintha kwa maindasitale kwachititsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide kuoneka m'zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, kutenthetsa pulaneti ndi kuwonjezera nyengo. Zoyesayesa zamitundu yonse zonga ngati Aprojectives ya Paris yofuna kugwirizanitsa ntchito, koma kupita patsogolo kumakhala kovuta. Usayansi umapatsa zothetsera magetsi, kunyamula magetsi, carbon , koma zimadalira pa zifuno zandale ndi dziko lonse. Zosankha zopangidwa m'badwo uno zidzaumba dzina lanu la dziko lapansi.

Kumaliza: Ulendo Wopitiriza wa Mbiri

Mbiri yakale siiri kutali, yosaima; ndimtsinje umene ukunyamula tsopano lathu. Kuyenera kulikonse kwa lamulo, mbali iriyonse ya luso la zopangapanga, malingaliro onse a chikhalidwe apangidwa ndi zochitika zapambuyopo. Zolembedwa zolembedwa m'magome adothi, mikangano ya filosofi m’midzi ya Atene, midzi yakuda yakufa imene inapanganso chuma cha Yuropu, kusintha kumene kwasintha ufulu .

Dzina lanu ndilo chipangizo cha moyo, mawu a mchenga a zaka mazana ambiri a kuyesayesa kwa anthu. Mwakumvetsetsa mphamvu zimene zinaumba dziko lathu, sitipeza kokha mapu a zinthu zakale komanso kampasi ya mtsogolo. Mavuto a kusintha kwa dziko lapansi, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kugaŵana kwa chikhalidwe ndi anthu ndi aakulu, koma mbiri imatikumbutsa kuti anthu asintha kwambiri. M’nkhani yaitali imeneyo, aliyense wa ife amachita mbali yake. Zosankha zanu, mawu anu, adzakhala mbali ya tsogolo limene mibadwo yamtsogolo idzaphunzira tsiku limodzi.