Chinsinsi chakhala chosinthira kwambiri nthaŵi zonse. Kuchokera pa zithunzi zoyambirira za ziboliboli za zomera mpaka ku malo obiriŵira, zojambula ndi manja za m’zaka za zana la 20, luso la kubweretsa zithunzi za moyo lasintha kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe. Kusintha kwakukulu m'mbiri yake kunachitika pa nyengo ya zaka chikwi, pamene kompyuta yopanga chithunzi (CGI) inasintha njira yachibadwa yojambula ndi manja monga njira yotchuka yopangira mafilimu ndi wailesi yakanema. Kusintha kumeneku sikunali kusokonezeka kwa mwadzidzidzi koma kutha kwa zaka makumi ambiri za kufufuza, magulu a malonda osinthasintha, ndi kusintha kwa omvetsera. Kumvetsa ndi kusintha kwa maindasitale kuchititsa kuchititsa kuoneka modabwitsa ndi chimene chimatanthauza m'tsogolo cha makampani a zopangapanga zinthu , kujambula zinthu zamakono, ndi kujambula zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Chiyeso cha Mafilimu Ojambulidwa ndi Manja

Kujambula kwamwambo, kotchedwa kujambula ndi manja kapena kujambula kwa kanema, kuli njira ya ntchito yopanga ntchito imene imapangidwa papepala payokha ndipo pambuyo pake kusamutsidwa ku mapepala ooneka bwino a selouloid kaamba ka kujambula ndi kujambula. Luso lakale lakutulukira m’manja a makampani ndi akatswiri amene anawongolera kuthekera kwake kwa zaka makumi angapo. Walt Disney adayambitsa kujambula kwake koyambirira, monga "Stamborzilla Willie" (1928), kugwirizanitsa ndi kachitidwe kochititsa chidwi ndi kujambula zinthu zatsopano. Disney anatulukira njira zaluso zojambula zonga kamera za mitundu yambiri ya mapulaneti, zimene zinayambitsa kufalikira ku 2D. Chipangizochichichichi, chinagwiritsira ntchito m'kawonjeze "Snow ndi Dernwar" (197777), kujambula filimu yatsopano.

Maluso a mwambo anali a wojambula mmodzi. Otsogolera ojambula zithunzi zojambula amajambula, pamene ena amapanga makiyi pakati pa amene anapanga kayendedwe kosalala. Ojambula zithunzi, amaker, ndi opaka utoto onsewo anathandizira pa mafaelo 24 pa sekondi imodzi, omwe anafunikira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zaluso pa chinthu chimodzi. Chithunzi chotsatirapo chinali ndi kutentha kwa thupi ndi sponontane amene ambiri amagwirizanitsa pakati pa dzanja ndi tsamba. Kwa theka la zaka, zimenezi zinakhalabe muyezo wagolidi.

Kusintha kwa Zaumisiri: Kuloŵa m’Nyengo ya Chiŵerengero cha Masitayelo

Makompyuta anayamba kulowa m'mipope ya mafilimu kalekale asanapange mafilimu onse. M'ma 1960 ndi 1970, ofufuza anayesa mafilimu a manageti ndi mapulogalamu a makiyi, pamene ma studio a mwambo anagwiritsira ntchito manambala a inki ndi makompyuta kujambula. Kusokonezeka kwenikweni kunachitika ndi mapulogalamu a makompyuta a 3D ojambula zinthu zokhala ndi mafilimu otha kujambula malo, zilembo za m’maseŵero, ndi kujambula zithunzithunzi zooneka. Pixar Stamistom , poyamba kampani ya kompyuta ndipo pambuyo pake kagulu ka pulogalamu ka Lucasfilm, kanasonyeza kuthekera kwa CGI ndi filimu yachidule "Lxo Jr. (186). Kupambana ndi malonda kwa "Toy Stoir" (1995) Kapoloneka koyambirira ka kompyuta kajambulidwa ndi kamodzi kofanana ndi kachipangizo kofanana ndi kamodzi chabe.

Kuyambika kwa Mafilimu Osonyeza Mafilimu a 3D CGI

Kumapeto kwa ma 1990 ndi kumayambiriro kwa ma 2000, funde la CGI limasintha mofulumira malo. Mafilimu a Mafilimu a Mafilimu a Chipani cha Masana anatokosa Disney ndi "Shrek" (2001), Blue Sky Studios anatulutsidwa "Nyengo ya Ice" (2002), ndi Pixar anapitiriza kuyeretsa ntchito yake ndi mafilimu onga "Filimu Nemo" (2003). Mafilimu ameneŵa sanali chabe zozizwitsa za luso la zojambula; anali ma maofesi a maofesi onyamula mafilimu amene analongosolanso kuoneka kwa brisques. Mapaipi a magetsi ololedwa kukonza mafilimu okongola, ziyambukiro zocholoŵa m'maluza, ndi zochita zamphamvu zimene zikanaletsa kujambula ndi manja. Studias adatenga zisonyezero zapakati pa makampani ambiri opanga makampaniwo, kapena makampani ena opanga apadera.

Chifukwa Chake Mafakitale Anachoka Pa Penti

Zifukwa zambiri zachuma ndi za kulenga zinagwirizana kupititsa ku mphepete kwa ndandanda ya mwambo. Ngakhale kuti zojambula zojambula ndi manja sizinakayikitse, malonda a kupanga zimenezi anavuta kwambiri kulungamitsa.

Kuwononga Ndalama ndi Kusamalira Chuma

Kupanga zipangizo zotha ntchito zambiri kumafuna akatswiri ambiri, ma holodia, ndi kusungira zinthu zambiri. Makina a magetsi, akangopanga kukonza kwa makompyuta ndi zipangizo, amalola kuti makompyuta azitha kugwira ntchito, zopendutsira, ndi mabuku opindulitsa amene angagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Kachipangizo ka mafilimu kamodzi kangapangidwenso kanga kangatengedwenso ndi kukonzedwanso, kusungitsa miyezi ya kukonza zinthu. Kukonza makina achilengedwe ndi maluso popanda kujambula mapeni a chinthu chilichonse. Pamalo a moyo a filimu, kachipangizoka kaja kanapeza kuti kapangidwe ka CGI kangayendetsedwe kake, kanga kanga kamodzi, ndi kawonekedwe kabwino, ndi kawonekedwe kabwino, ndi kawonekedwe kabwino ka zinthu kabwino ndi ka mavidiyo amakono.

Kusintha Zokonda Zaumvi ndi Zogulitsa Zogwira Mtima

CGI itayamba kugwirizana ndi kujambula mafilimu apamwamba, anthu anayamba kuyerekezera mafilimu ojambula ndi manja ndi kudula zinthu zapambuyo pake. Makampani a malonda otchuka pa mfundo imeneyi. Mafilimu a kompyuta angagulitsidwe monga kuswa malo a sayansi, pamene mafilimu a 2D / ngakhale apadera kwambiri. Nthaŵi zambiri amalimbana ndi kujambula chithunzi chimodzi cha zinthu zatsopano. Makampani amalonda otsatsa malonda a mafilimu otchuka kumayambiriro kwa 2000, monga ngati Disney’s "Taivelles Planet" (2002), amawonjezera nkhani imene anthu anaitumiza. Pamene kuli kwakuti zenizeni zinali zofooka. Ngakhale kuti zikanakhala zosavuta kutulutsa makompyuta kapena zopeka, zinaikidwanso pa mapulogalamu otsika kapena olephera. Chizolowezi chinali chosavuta kuyendetsa malonda.

Kulemba Nkhani ndi Kupeka

Kusintha kwa makompyuta sikunangosintha njira zopangira; inasintha mitundu ya nkhani imene inauzidwa moonera. Kukhoza kumanga mafilimu onse atatu a dziko lapansi kunapatsa otsogolera ulamuliro waukulu pa kayendedwe ka makamera, kuzama kwa chigawo, ndi kujambula kwa maluŵa. Mafilimu onga "Zithunzi" (2004) adagwiritsa ntchito zimenezi kukonza mafilimu amene anabwereka kwambiri kuchokera ku zinthu zamoyo, pamene "Kujambula Nemo" kumatsekera mu nyanja zojambula zithunzithunzi zokwanira kuti ziperekeze ku ukulu wa thambo la pansi pa madzi. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kuchuluka kwa zida zamakono kumatulutsa mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zosakhala zamakono. Carto ndi kadioti ka CGI, monga "Cluuble ndi Chipamba cha Meball", "2009, ndi kujambula kwa maolivinero, "kupangidwa ndi kujambula kwa maoliviti a magetsi (207) kuzungulira mafuta, ndipo mafuta opangidwa ndi mafuta opangidwa ndi makompyuta, kuti sanaonetsedwe, kuti apete magetsi, kuti apete , magetsi, kuti ango.

Komabe, kunabuka kusuliza kobwerezabwereza: kuti mafilimu aakulu a CGI anayamba kuwoneka mofanana ndi [1] slick, popukutidwa, ndi mwamalingaliro. Kupereŵera kwa ndandanda yojambula ndi manja, mayeso owoneka omwe anali ndi kalembedwe ka wojambula, analoŵedwa mmalo ndi chipangizo chamagetsi. Zimenezi zinayambitsa kujambula kwa ojambula zithunzi zimene anatulukira kuti mitundu ya maluso inali pamtengo.

Ntchito Yosintha ya Mchitidwe Wojambula

Ntchito ya kujambula inasintha kwambiri pamene zida zinasintha. Katswiri wamwambo anali wojambula, wophunzitsidwa kujambula, thupi, ndi kujambula. Kamera ya metage imagwiritsa ntchito chidole: kuchotsa chipangizo chopimira chimene chakhala chijambulidwa, chopangidwa, ndi chopakidwa. Luso lopangidwa kuchokera pa kujambula mapulogalamu zikwizikwi za makompyuta osiyanasiyana kuti apange mapulogalamu monga Autodesk Maya kapena Amppearter. Zimenezi sizitanthauza kutayikiridwa kulikonse kwa zojambula ndi luso la zojambula. [FOctive], monga: "kulemera, ndi kujambula, ndi kusintha kwa luso la luso la zopanga zinthu. Ojambula ambiri anasintha monga 3D , kapena kujambula, kujambula, kumene kulibe, maluso ofunika kwambiri. [A.51]

Kusunga Mwambo Wojambula Pamanja

Ngakhale kuti CGI inalamulira malonda, kujambula ndi manja sikunazimiririke. Kumadzulo, ma holodia odzifunira ndi opanga mafilimu apadziko lonse asunga malaŵi amoto. Studio Ghibli , wotsogozedwa ndi Hayao Mayazaki, watulutsa mbali 2D za luso lapamwamba ndi zamalonda, monga "Ded Lend" (2001, imene inapata Academy Award. Carto Saloon, ndi mafilimu onga "Chinsinsi cha Kells" 209) ndi "Walvallers" (2020), akugwiritsira ntchito maluso ojambula ndi manja kufotokoza, luso lotchuka lotchuka ndi luso la m'zaka zapakati zapakati. Oimbayi imasonyezabe kukongola kwa anthu a mitundu yonse.

Zoyesayesa za Maphunziro ndi Zopanga

Mabungwe aakulu tsopano amathandiza kutsimikizira chidziŵitso cha kujambula ndi manja. Sukulu zonga Gobelins School of the Faith ku Paris ndi programu ya ojambula pa [[FLT:] Kalat-] Katswiri amasunga maphunziro okhwima mu 2D maprinsipulo. Mapwando, monga Ottawa International Ofesitica ndi Annecy, amapatula maprogramu kuti agwire ntchito, kukondwerera mawonekedwe a moyo m’malo mwa mabwinja. Mashero ndi mabwinja, kuphatikizapo [FLT:] Family Museum [FLD [FFF:], kusungitsa, ma Cert, maseum, ndi kujambula, ndi kujambula zinthu zatsopano, ndi kulola ziŵiro zatsopano, kujambula ndi kukonza zinthu, pamodzi ndi kukonza zinthu zina zokopa, zomwe zimapanga zinthu, zomwe zimapanga zinthu zotchuka, kuphatikizapo kutsutsa kutsutsa kukonza.

Njira Zopangira Thanzi: Pamene Dziko Lonse Likutha

Mwinamwake chosangalatsa kwambiri m'maseŵero amakono ndicho kuphatikiza makompyuta a manja ndi a makono. Mmalo mowatenga monga misasa yotsutsana, akatswiri akuphatikiza 2D ndi 3D kupangira ma asthetic sakhoza kukwaniritsa. Filopo yaifupi ya Disyney "Paperman" (20: 2) anagwiritsira ntchito proproproproproritester kuphatikiza pamodzi modabwitsa luso la manja pa CGI Geometry, zotsatira zake kuonetsa, kujambula kwa zithunzithunzi zimene zonse ziŵiri zamakono ndi zapadera. Sonny Pieting’s "Spider- Man: m'Chiyambi cha Shule" (208) asanachite zimenezi, Maluso apamwamba, Ben-YD ndi madonkito ogwirizana kwambiri ndi mafilimu otchuka. Mafilimu otchukawa angasonyezenso kuti:

Mtsogolo: Makina Opanga Nthawi, ndi Kutali

Maseŵero akupitiriza kusanduka mofulumira, kupangidwa ndi tekinoloji yomwe ingathe kufanana ndi kukwera kwa CGI. Injini zomasulira zenizeni monga Uneal Engine ndi Unity, zomangidwa poyambirira pa maseŵero a vidiyo, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafilimu ndi wailesi. Amalola oyang'anira kuona malo ozungulira owala kwambiri, kugwetsa njira zopangira mwambo ndi kutsegula khomo la nkhani zofotokoza bwino ndi zojambula. Nzeru, nazonso, zimayamba kusonkhezera mafilimu. Zida zimene zimapanga mafaelo pakati, ntchito zobwerezabwereza, kapena kuthandiza ndi milomo ya zingathandize kuchepetsa katundu wopanga zinthu, ngakhale kuti iwo amakwezanso nkhaŵa ponena za kuyendetsa ndi kuyendetsa ntchito. Zoona zenizeni zimapanga mafilimu atsopano, posonyeza kujambula.

Pazopangapanga zonsezi, kutsutsana pakati pa mwambo ndi makompyuta kungayambitse kukambirana kogwirizana kwambiri ponena za ntchito ya wojambula. Pamene zipangizo ziyamba kukhala zotsogola, luso lofunika kwambiri la kuona, kulemba, ndi kupanga zinthu. Chithunzi cha manja chingapereke lingaliro lodabwitsa, ndi kudyetsa kompyuta.

Tsogolo Logawana Kaamba ka Miyambo Iŵiri

Kusintha kwa maluso a vidiyo ndi makompyuta kunali kusintha kwa makampani a mafilimu padziko lonse, kusintha chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi kusintha moyo wa akatswiri ambiri. Komabe nkhaniyi si yongosintha. Maluso amanja amakhalabe ofunika kwambiri, ophunzitsidwa ndi aphunzitsi, opanga mafilimu, ndi ma shadikodi amene amayamikira kukongola kwake. Zipangizo za magetsi zasintha njira zogwiritsa ntchito popanga masewero, kulola timagulu tating'ono kupanga ntchito imene kale inkafunikira kufakitale ya akatswiri aluso. Maluso awiri tsopano akukhalira limodzi, ndipo pabwino, amaphatikizana kuti atulutse zinthu zambiri zimene sizingakwanire zokha. Makampani a zamakono amayenda m’masanathere nthaŵi yeniyeni ndi kujambula, choonadi chachikulu: zamakono zidakalibe pamene aluso lamakono, ndipo sagwira ntchito kampani zamakono.